Mohammad S. Al-Harbi, Bahig A. El-Deeb, Nasser Mostafa, Sayed A. M. Amer^*

Show more
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Show less

Abstract: The development of a reliable green chemistry process for the biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents. However, there is limited information about its toxicity. Therefore, this study focused on the biosynthesis of AgNPs by the bacterium Proteus mirabilis and on determining its preliminary toxic effect on some aspects of animal physiology. A green method for the synthesis of AgNPs using culture supernatant of Proteus mirabilis has been developed in this study and the synthesized AgNPs were characterized by several techniques. The AgNPs showed a maximum absorbance at 445 nm on ultraviolet-visible spectra. The presence of proteins was identified by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The reduction of Ag+ to elemental silver was characterized by X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The transmission electron micrograph revealed the formation of polydispersed nanoparticles of 5 - 45 nm. The AgNPs were evaluated for their toxic effect on pregnant female albino rat. The result showed that liver enzymes (AST and ALP) were decreased significantly in the group treated with AgNPs. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration also showed significant increase.

Keywords: AgNPs, P. mirabilis, TEM, X-Ray, Liver Enzymes, Blood Parameters

Cite this paper: Al-Harbi, M. , El-Deeb, B. , Mostafa, N. and Amer, S. (2014) Extracellular Biosynthesis of AgNPs by the Bacterium Proteus mirabilis and Its Toxic Effect on Some Aspects of Animal Physiology. Advances in Nanoparticles, 3, 83-91. doi: 10.4236/anp.2014.33012.

References

[1]   Tan, Y., Dai, Y., Li, Y. and Zhua, D. (2003) Preparation of Gold, Platinum, Palladium and Silver Nanoparticles by the Reduction of Their Salts with a Weak Reductant-Potassium Bitartrate. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 13, 1069-1075.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b211386d

[2]   Li, Y., Duan, X., Qian, Y., Yang, L. and Liao, H. (1999) Nanocrystalline Silver Particles: Synthesis, Agglomeration, and Sputtering Induced by Electron Beam. Colloid Interface Science, 209, 347-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1998.5879

[3]   Kaushik, N., Thakkar, M.S., Snehit, S., Mhatre, M.S., Rasesh, Y. and Parikh, M.S. (2010) Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, 6, 257-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.002

[4]   Hood, E. (2004) Nanotechnology, Diving into the Unknown. Environmental Health Perspective, 112, A747-A749.

[5]   Wijnhoven, S.W.P., Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M., Herberts, C.A., Hagens, W.I., Oomen, A.G., Eugens, A., Roszek, B., Bisschops, J., Gosens, I., Van De Meent, D., Dekkers, S., De, E.H.W., Jong, W.H., van Zijverden, M., Sips, A.J.A.M. and Geertsma, R.E. (2009) Nano-Silver—A Review of Available Data and Knowledge Gaps in Human and Environmental Risk Assessment. Nanotoxicology, 3, 109-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17435390902725914

[6]   Lima, D.R., Seabra, A.B. and Duran, N. (2012) Silver Nanoparticles: A Brief Review of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Chemically and Biogenically Synthesized Nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 32, 867-879.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2780

[7]   Wise, J.P.S., Goodale, B.C., Wise, S.S., Craig, G.A., Pongan, A.F., Walter, R.B., Thompson, D., Ng, A.K., Aboueissa, A.M., Mitani, H., Spalding, M.J. and Mason, M.D. (2010) Silver Nanospheres Are Cytotoxic and Genotoxic to Fish Cells. Aquatic Toxicology, 97, 34-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.11.016

[8]   Hillyer, J.F. and Albrecht, R.M. (2001) Gastrointestinal Persorption and Tissue Distribution of Differently Sized Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmacological Science, 90, 1927-1936.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.1143

[9]   Rster, O.G., Ferin, J., Finkelstein, G., Wade, P. and Corso, N. (1990) Increased Pulmonary Toxicity of Ultrafine Particles? II. Lung Lavage Studies. Journal of Aerosol Science, 21, 384-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(90)90065-6

[10]   Bockmann, J., Lahl, H., Eckert, T.H. and Unterhalt, B. (2000) Titan-Blutspiegel vor und nach Belastungsversuchen mit Titandioxid. Pharmazie, 55, 140-143.

[11]   Park, S., Lee, Y.K., Jung, M., Kim, K.H., Chung, N., Ahn, E.K., Lim, Y. and Lee, K.H. (2007) Cellular Toxicity of Various Inhalable Metal Nanoparticles on Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Inhalation Toxicology, 19, 59-65.

[12]   Braydich-Stolle, L., Hussain, S., Schlager, J.J. and Hofmann, M.C. (2005) In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles in Mammalian Germline Stem Cells. Toxicological Sciences, 88, 412-419.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi256

[13]   Chen, X. and Schluesener, H.J. (2005) Nanosilver: A Nanoproduct in Medical Application. Toxicology Letters, 176, 1-12.

[14]   Krieg, N.R. and Holt, J.G. (1984) Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, London.

[15]   Ahmad, A., Mukherjee, P., Senapati, S., Mandal, D., Khan, M.I., Kumar, R. and Sastry, M. (2003) Extracellular Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 28, 313-318.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(02)00174-1

[16]   Klaus, T., Joerger, R., Olsson, E. and Granqvist, C. (1999) Silver-Based Crystalline Nanoparticles, Microbially Fabricated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13611-13614.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.13611

[17]   Saifuddin, N., Wong, C.W. and Nur Yasumira, A.A. (2009) Rapid Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Culture Supernatant of Bacteria with Microwave Irradiation. E-Journal of Chemistry, 6, 61-70.

[18]   Rasband, W.S. (1997-2012) Image J. US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda.
http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/

[19]   Link, S. and El-Sayed, M.A. (2003) Optical Properties and Ultrafast Dynamics of Metallic Nanocrystals. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 54, 331-366.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103759

[20]   He, R., Qian, X., Yin, J. and Zhu, Z.K. (2002) Preparation of Polychrome Silver Nanoparticles in Different Solvents. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 12, 3783-3786.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b205214h

[21]   Liu, Y. and Guo, R. (2011) Synthesis of Protein-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrid and Gold Nanoplates in Protein Aggregates. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 126, 619-627.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.01.008

[22]   Roach, P., Farrar, D. and Perry, C.C. (2005) Interpretation of Protein Adsorption: Surface-Induced Conformational Changes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 8168-8173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja042898o

[23]   von Bergen, M., Barghorn, S., Biernat, J., Mandelkow, E. and Mandelkow, E. (2005) Tau Aggregation Is Driven by a Transition from Random Coil to Beta Sheet Structure. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1739, 158-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.010

[24]   Mandal, D., Bolander, M.E., Mukhopadhyay, D., Sarkar, G. and Mukherjee, P. (2006) The Use of Microorganisms for the Formation of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 69, 485-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0179-3

[25]   Vigneshwaran, N., Kathe, A.A., Varadarajan, P.V., Nachane, R.P. and Balasubramanya, R.H. (2007) Silver-Protein (Core-Shell) Nanoparticle Production Using Spent Mushroom Substrate. Langmuir, 23, 7113-7117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la063627p

[26]   Lechiguerra, J.L., Burt, J.L., Morones, J.R., Camacho-Bragado, A., Gao, X., Lara, H.H. and Yacaman, M.J. (2006) Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles with HIV-1. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 6, 1-10.

[27]   Chudasama, B., Vala, A.K., Andhariya, N., Mehta, R.V. and Updhyay, R.V. (2010) Highly Bacterial Resistant Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 12, 1677-1685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9845-1

[28]   Raffi, M., Hussain, F., Bhatti, T.M., Akter, J.I., Hameed, A. and Hasan, M.M. (2008) Antibacterial Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles against E. Coli ATCC-15224. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 24, 192-196.

[29]   Abbas, S.A.R., Abdullah, A.H., Sada, S.H.A. and Ali, A.K. (2011) The Effects of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles on Transaminase Enzymes Activities. International Journal of Chemical Research, 1, 1-11.

[30]   Kulthong, K., Maniratanachote, R., Kobayashi, Y., Fukami, T. and Yokoi, T. (2012) Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Rat Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Activity. Xenobiotica, 42, 854-862.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2012.670312

[31]   Tiwari, D.K., Jin, T. and Behari, J. (2011) Dose-Dependent in Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Silver Nanoparticle in Wistar Rats. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 21, 13-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2010.529184