Effects of Kolaviron, the Major Constituent of Garcinia kola, on the Histology of the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Testes Using Adult Male Wistar Rats as a Model Organism
Affiliation(s)
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study determined the effects of kolaviron on the histology of organs of the hypothalamic-pi- tuitary-gonadal axis, mainly the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis. The aim was to ascertain if its consumption has deleterious effects on these organs. Thirty six adult Wistar rats divided into six groups of six animals each were used and kolaviron administered at 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that gross cellular depletion and desquamation of cells of testis significantly reduced number of cells in the hypothalamus and pituitary (P < 0.05). It significantly reduced the relative brain weight (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that kolaviron can alter the histology of the axis which may impair its reproductive function.
This study determined the effects of kolaviron on the histology of organs of the hypothalamic-pi- tuitary-gonadal axis, mainly the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis. The aim was to ascertain if its consumption has deleterious effects on these organs. Thirty six adult Wistar rats divided into six groups of six animals each were used and kolaviron administered at 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that gross cellular depletion and desquamation of cells of testis significantly reduced number of cells in the hypothalamus and pituitary (P < 0.05). It significantly reduced the relative brain weight (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that kolaviron can alter the histology of the axis which may impair its reproductive function.
Cite this paper
Obi, A. and Nwoha, P. (2014) Effects of Kolaviron, the Major Constituent of Garcinia kola, on the Histology of the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Testes Using Adult Male Wistar Rats as a Model Organism. Forensic Medicine and Anatomy Research, 2, 80-87. doi: 10.4236/fmar.2014.23014.
Obi, A. and Nwoha, P. (2014) Effects of Kolaviron, the Major Constituent of Garcinia kola, on the Histology of the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Testes Using Adult Male Wistar Rats as a Model Organism. Forensic Medicine and Anatomy Research, 2, 80-87. doi: 10.4236/fmar.2014.23014.
References
[1] Farombi, E.O., Akanni, O.O. and Emerole, G.O. (2002) Antioxidative and Scavenging Activities of Kolaviron in Vitro. Pharmaceutical Biology, 40, 107-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.40.2.107.5838 [2] Hodgson, J.M., Puddey, I.B., Croft, K.D., Burke, V., Mori, T.A. and Cacetta, R.A. (2000) Acute Effects of Ingestion of Black and Green Tea on Lipoprotein Oxidation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 1103-1107. [3] Akintowa, A. and Essien, A.R. (1990) Protective Effects of Garcinia kola Seed Extract against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29, 207-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90057-Z [4] Dhainaut, J.K., Thiji, L.G. and Park, G. (2000) Septic Shock. Saunders. [5] Ayensu, E.S. (1978) Medicinal Plants of West Africa. Reference Publications, Algonac. [6] Farombi, E.O., Adepoju, B.F., Ola-Davies, O.E. and Emerole, G.O. (2005) Chemoprevention of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Genotoxicity and Hepatic Oxidative Damage in Rats by Kolaviron, a Natural Biflavonoid of Garcinia kola Seeds. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 207-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200506000-00003 [7] Farombi, E.O. and Nwaokeafor, I.A. (2005) Anti-Oxidant Mechanism of Kolaviron; Studies on Serum Lipoprotein Oxidation, Metal Chelation and Oxidative Membrane Damage in Rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 32, 667-674 [8] Drury, R.A. and Wallington, E.A. (1980) Carleton’s Histological Techniques. 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 195. [9] Iwu, M.M., Igboko, O.A., Okunji, C.O. and Tempesta, M.S. (1990) Anti-Diabetic and Aldose Reductase Activities of Biflavanones of Garcinia kola. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 42, 290-292.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb05412.x [10] Farombi, E.O., Tahnteng, J.G., Agboola, A.O., Nwankwo, J.O. and Emerole, G.O. (2000) Chemoprevention of 2- Acetylaminofluorene Induced Hepatotoxicity and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats by Kolaviron a Garcinia kola Seed Extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38, 535-541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00039-9 [11] Farombi, E.O., Adepoju, B.F., Ola-Davies, O.E. and Emerole, G.O. (2001) Inhibition of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Clastogenicity and Hepatocarcinogenicity by Kolaviron (Garcinia Biflavanones) in Rats. Mutation Research, 2001 483, S106. [12] Adaramoye, O.A. and Adeyemi, E.O. (2006) Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidaemic Effects of Fractions from Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex from Garcinia kola in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8, 121-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.1.0015 [13] Farombi. E.O., Shrotriya, S. and Surh, Y. (2009) Kolaviron Inhibits Dimethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Liver Injury by Suppressing Cox-2 and Inos Expression via nf-κb and ap-1. Life Sciences, 84, 149-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.11.012 [14] Farombi, E.O., Adedara, I.A., Ajayi, B.O., Ayepola, O.R. and Egbeme, E.E. (2013) Kolaviron, a Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemical Prevents Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 113, 49-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12050 [15] Adaramoye, O.A., Farombi, E.O., Nssien, M., Idowu, S.O., Ademowo, O.G. and Adeyemi, E.O. (2008) Hepatoprotective Activity of Purified Fractions from Garcinia kola Seeds in Mice Intoxicated with Carbon Tetrachloride. Journal of Medicinal Food, 11, 544-550. [16] Adaramoye, O.A., Awogbindin, I. and Okusaga, J.O. (2009) Effect of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex from Garcinia kola Seeds on Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Liver of Adult Wistar Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12, 584-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0138 [17] Olaleye, S.B., Farombi, E.O., Adewoye, E.A., Owoyele, B.V., Onasanwo, S.A. and Elegbe, R.A. (2000) Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kolaviron (a Garcinia kola Seed Extract). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 3, 171-174. [18] Udia, P.M., Braide, V.B. and Owu, D.U. (2009) Antispasmodic and Spasmolytic Effects of Methanolic Extract from Seeds of Garcinia kola on Isolated Rat Small Intestine. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 24, 111-116 [19] Adaramoye, O.A. (2010) Protective Effect of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid from Garcinia kola Seeds, in Brain of Wistar Albino Rats Exposed to Gamma-Radiation. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33, 260-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.33.260 [20] Nwoha, P.U., Ojo, B., Ajayi, S.A., Ofusori, D.A., Oluwayinka, O.P., Odukoya, S.A. and Falana, B.A. (2007) Garcinia kola Diet Provides Slight Protection to Mice Hippocampal Neurons against Neuro-Toxins. J. Environ Neurosci. Biomed, 1, 125-136. [21] Ijomone, O.M., Nwoha, P.U., Olaibi, O.K., Obi, A.U. and Alese, M.O. (2012) Neuroprotective Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex of Garcinia kola, on Rats Hippocampus against Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5, 10-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0203 [22] Adaramoye, O.A. and Akinloye, O. (2000) Possible Protective Effect of Kolaviron on CCl4-Induced Erythrocyte Damage in Rats. Bioscience Reports, 20, 259-264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026488823157 [23] Uko, O.J., Usman, A. and Ataja, A.M. (2001) Some Biological Activities of Garcinia kola in Growing Rats. Veterinary Archives, 71, 287-297. [24] Notridge, H.O., Omobowale, T.O., Taiwo, V.O. and Omotoso, M.A. (2008) Histopathological Studies on the Effects of Ethanolic Extract of the Fruits of Garcinia kola on Selected Organs of the Dogs. International Journal of Morphology, 26, 1069-1072. [25] Braide, V.B. (1990) Pharmacological Effects of Chronic Ingestion of Garcinia kola Seeds in the Rat. Phytotherapy Research, 4, 39-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650040110 [26] Adegboye, M.F., Akinpelu, D.A. and Okoh, A.I. (2008) The Bioactive and Phytochemical Properties of Garcinia kola (Heckel) Seed Extract on Some Pathogens. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 3934-3938. [27] Adaramoye, O.A., Farombi, E.O., Adeyemi, E.O. and Emerole, G.O. (2005) Inhibition of Human Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Flavonoids of Garcinia kola Seeds. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 21, 331-339. [28] Ralebona, N., Sewani-Rusike, C.R. and Nkeh-Chungag, B.N. (2012) Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola on Sexual Behaviour and Sperm Parameters in Male Wistar Rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6, 1077-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.652 [29] Iwu, M.M. (1993) Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, London, 183-184. [30] Akinloye, A.K., Igbarha, O.O., Olaniyi, M.O., Alaka, O.O. and Oke, B.O. (2000) Preliminary Investigation on the Effects of Bitter Kola Extract on Rabbit Testes and Epididymides. Tropical Veterinarian, 18, 49-54. [31] Dare, B.J., Chukwu, R.O., Oyewopo, A.O., Makanjuola, V.O., Olayinka, P.O., Akinrinade, I.D., Olaniyan, T.O., Omotoso, O.D., Shafe, M.O., Ogundele, O.M., Beremako, O.O. and Adeh, M.N. (2012) Histological Integrity of the Testis of Adult Wistar Rats (Rattus Novergicus) Treated with Garcinia kola. Reproductive System & Sexual Disorders, 1, 4. [32] Adaramoye, O.A., Adedara, I.A. and Farombi, E.O. (2012) Posible Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron against Reproductive Toxicity in Sub-Lethally Whole Body Irradiated Rats. Experimental and Toxicological Pathology, 64, 379- 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2010.10.002 [33] Adedara, I.A. and Farombi, E.O. (2012) Chemoprotection of Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Rats by Kolaviron, Isolated Biflavonoid from Garcinia kola Seed. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 31, 506-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111424301
[1] Farombi, E.O., Akanni, O.O. and Emerole, G.O. (2002) Antioxidative and Scavenging Activities of Kolaviron in Vitro. Pharmaceutical Biology, 40, 107-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.40.2.107.5838 [2] Hodgson, J.M., Puddey, I.B., Croft, K.D., Burke, V., Mori, T.A. and Cacetta, R.A. (2000) Acute Effects of Ingestion of Black and Green Tea on Lipoprotein Oxidation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 1103-1107. [3] Akintowa, A. and Essien, A.R. (1990) Protective Effects of Garcinia kola Seed Extract against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29, 207-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90057-Z [4] Dhainaut, J.K., Thiji, L.G. and Park, G. (2000) Septic Shock. Saunders. [5] Ayensu, E.S. (1978) Medicinal Plants of West Africa. Reference Publications, Algonac. [6] Farombi, E.O., Adepoju, B.F., Ola-Davies, O.E. and Emerole, G.O. (2005) Chemoprevention of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Genotoxicity and Hepatic Oxidative Damage in Rats by Kolaviron, a Natural Biflavonoid of Garcinia kola Seeds. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14, 207-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-200506000-00003 [7] Farombi, E.O. and Nwaokeafor, I.A. (2005) Anti-Oxidant Mechanism of Kolaviron; Studies on Serum Lipoprotein Oxidation, Metal Chelation and Oxidative Membrane Damage in Rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 32, 667-674 [8] Drury, R.A. and Wallington, E.A. (1980) Carleton’s Histological Techniques. 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 195. [9] Iwu, M.M., Igboko, O.A., Okunji, C.O. and Tempesta, M.S. (1990) Anti-Diabetic and Aldose Reductase Activities of Biflavanones of Garcinia kola. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 42, 290-292.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1990.tb05412.x [10] Farombi, E.O., Tahnteng, J.G., Agboola, A.O., Nwankwo, J.O. and Emerole, G.O. (2000) Chemoprevention of 2- Acetylaminofluorene Induced Hepatotoxicity and Lipid Peroxidation in Rats by Kolaviron a Garcinia kola Seed Extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38, 535-541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00039-9 [11] Farombi, E.O., Adepoju, B.F., Ola-Davies, O.E. and Emerole, G.O. (2001) Inhibition of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Clastogenicity and Hepatocarcinogenicity by Kolaviron (Garcinia Biflavanones) in Rats. Mutation Research, 2001 483, S106. [12] Adaramoye, O.A. and Adeyemi, E.O. (2006) Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidaemic Effects of Fractions from Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex from Garcinia kola in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus Rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8, 121-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.1.0015 [13] Farombi. E.O., Shrotriya, S. and Surh, Y. (2009) Kolaviron Inhibits Dimethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Liver Injury by Suppressing Cox-2 and Inos Expression via nf-κb and ap-1. Life Sciences, 84, 149-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.11.012 [14] Farombi, E.O., Adedara, I.A., Ajayi, B.O., Ayepola, O.R. and Egbeme, E.E. (2013) Kolaviron, a Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemical Prevents Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 113, 49-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12050 [15] Adaramoye, O.A., Farombi, E.O., Nssien, M., Idowu, S.O., Ademowo, O.G. and Adeyemi, E.O. (2008) Hepatoprotective Activity of Purified Fractions from Garcinia kola Seeds in Mice Intoxicated with Carbon Tetrachloride. Journal of Medicinal Food, 11, 544-550. [16] Adaramoye, O.A., Awogbindin, I. and Okusaga, J.O. (2009) Effect of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex from Garcinia kola Seeds on Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress in Liver of Adult Wistar Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, 12, 584-590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.0138 [17] Olaleye, S.B., Farombi, E.O., Adewoye, E.A., Owoyele, B.V., Onasanwo, S.A. and Elegbe, R.A. (2000) Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Kolaviron (a Garcinia kola Seed Extract). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 3, 171-174. [18] Udia, P.M., Braide, V.B. and Owu, D.U. (2009) Antispasmodic and Spasmolytic Effects of Methanolic Extract from Seeds of Garcinia kola on Isolated Rat Small Intestine. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 24, 111-116 [19] Adaramoye, O.A. (2010) Protective Effect of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid from Garcinia kola Seeds, in Brain of Wistar Albino Rats Exposed to Gamma-Radiation. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33, 260-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.33.260 [20] Nwoha, P.U., Ojo, B., Ajayi, S.A., Ofusori, D.A., Oluwayinka, O.P., Odukoya, S.A. and Falana, B.A. (2007) Garcinia kola Diet Provides Slight Protection to Mice Hippocampal Neurons against Neuro-Toxins. J. Environ Neurosci. Biomed, 1, 125-136. [21] Ijomone, O.M., Nwoha, P.U., Olaibi, O.K., Obi, A.U. and Alese, M.O. (2012) Neuroprotective Effects of Kolaviron, a Biflavonoid Complex of Garcinia kola, on Rats Hippocampus against Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5, 10-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0203 [22] Adaramoye, O.A. and Akinloye, O. (2000) Possible Protective Effect of Kolaviron on CCl4-Induced Erythrocyte Damage in Rats. Bioscience Reports, 20, 259-264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026488823157 [23] Uko, O.J., Usman, A. and Ataja, A.M. (2001) Some Biological Activities of Garcinia kola in Growing Rats. Veterinary Archives, 71, 287-297. [24] Notridge, H.O., Omobowale, T.O., Taiwo, V.O. and Omotoso, M.A. (2008) Histopathological Studies on the Effects of Ethanolic Extract of the Fruits of Garcinia kola on Selected Organs of the Dogs. International Journal of Morphology, 26, 1069-1072. [25] Braide, V.B. (1990) Pharmacological Effects of Chronic Ingestion of Garcinia kola Seeds in the Rat. Phytotherapy Research, 4, 39-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650040110 [26] Adegboye, M.F., Akinpelu, D.A. and Okoh, A.I. (2008) The Bioactive and Phytochemical Properties of Garcinia kola (Heckel) Seed Extract on Some Pathogens. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 3934-3938. [27] Adaramoye, O.A., Farombi, E.O., Adeyemi, E.O. and Emerole, G.O. (2005) Inhibition of Human Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Flavonoids of Garcinia kola Seeds. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 21, 331-339. [28] Ralebona, N., Sewani-Rusike, C.R. and Nkeh-Chungag, B.N. (2012) Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Garcinia kola on Sexual Behaviour and Sperm Parameters in Male Wistar Rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6, 1077-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJPP11.652 [29] Iwu, M.M. (1993) Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, London, 183-184. [30] Akinloye, A.K., Igbarha, O.O., Olaniyi, M.O., Alaka, O.O. and Oke, B.O. (2000) Preliminary Investigation on the Effects of Bitter Kola Extract on Rabbit Testes and Epididymides. Tropical Veterinarian, 18, 49-54. [31] Dare, B.J., Chukwu, R.O., Oyewopo, A.O., Makanjuola, V.O., Olayinka, P.O., Akinrinade, I.D., Olaniyan, T.O., Omotoso, O.D., Shafe, M.O., Ogundele, O.M., Beremako, O.O. and Adeh, M.N. (2012) Histological Integrity of the Testis of Adult Wistar Rats (Rattus Novergicus) Treated with Garcinia kola. Reproductive System & Sexual Disorders, 1, 4. [32] Adaramoye, O.A., Adedara, I.A. and Farombi, E.O. (2012) Posible Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron against Reproductive Toxicity in Sub-Lethally Whole Body Irradiated Rats. Experimental and Toxicological Pathology, 64, 379- 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2010.10.002 [33] Adedara, I.A. and Farombi, E.O. (2012) Chemoprotection of Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Male Rats by Kolaviron, Isolated Biflavonoid from Garcinia kola Seed. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 31, 506-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327111424301