On the Physics inside a Closed, Static, Rotating Einsteinian Hypersphere in Due Consideration of the Galaxy
Author(s)
Ernst Karl Kunst*
ABSTRACT
Einstein’s weak equivalence principle suggests that gravity and acceleration (centrifugal force) are indistinguishable from each other and, therefore, equivalent. We maintain that they are not only equivalent, but even identical, or to rephrase the main statement of this work: A gravitational force does not exist. Rather, gravity is a fictitious force, or, more pointedly: Gravity is the centrifugal force which acts upon material bodies within the rotating S3-hypersphere of the Universe. These in turn warp the adjacent space-fabric, shaping it to the well-known field geometry of general relativity.
KEYWORDS
Cosmology, Hypersphere, Cosmological Redshift, Redshift by Deflection, Redshift “Anomalies” of the Supernova Data, “Dark Energy”, CMB ≡ Enthropic Planck Radiation, Gravity ≡ Diverted Centrifugal Force; Time, Mass and “Dark Matter”, Foucault’s Law Raises Kicks of Gyros, The Galaxy’s Former Position and Present Drift
Cosmology, Hypersphere, Cosmological Redshift, Redshift by Deflection, Redshift “Anomalies” of the Supernova Data, “Dark Energy”, CMB ≡ Enthropic Planck Radiation, Gravity ≡ Diverted Centrifugal Force; Time, Mass and “Dark Matter”, Foucault’s Law Raises Kicks of Gyros, The Galaxy’s Former Position and Present Drift
Cite this paper
Kunst, E. (2014) On the Physics inside a Closed, Static, Rotating Einsteinian Hypersphere in Due Consideration of the Galaxy. Natural Science, 6, 897-961. doi: 10.4236/ns.2014.611087.
Kunst, E. (2014) On the Physics inside a Closed, Static, Rotating Einsteinian Hypersphere in Due Consideration of the Galaxy. Natural Science, 6, 897-961. doi: 10.4236/ns.2014.611087.
References
[1] Lemaître, G. (1927) Un Univers Homogène de Masse constant et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nebuleuses extra-galactiques (A homogene Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Lightpath Calculated from the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic Nebulae). Annales de la Sciétéscientifique de Bruxelles, Sèrie A, 47, 49. [2] Hubble, E.P. (1929) A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15, 168. [3] Riess, A., Nugent, P.E., Schmidt, B.P., Tonry, J., Dickinson, M., Gilliland, R.L., Thompson, R.I., Budavari, T., Casertano, S., Evans, A.S., Filippenko, A.V., Livio, M., Sanders, D.B., Shapley, A.E., Spinrad, H., Steidel, C.C., Stern, D., Surace, J. and Veilleux, S. (2001) The Farthest Known Suoernovae: Support for an Accelerating Universe and a Glimpse of the Epoch of Deceleration. arXiv: 0104455 [astro-ph] [4] Swanson, M.E.C. (2008) Particle Physics in the Sky and Astrophysics Underground: Connecting the Universe’s Largest and Smallest Scales. arXiv: 0804.0002 [astro-ph] [5] Renzini, A. and Daddi, E. (2005) Witnessing Galaxy—SMBH Co-Evolution at Redshift ~ 2. arXiv: 0800.0094 [astro-ph] [6] Lerner, E.J. (2008) Evidence for a Non-Expanding Universe: Surface Brightness Data from HUDF. arXiv: 0509611 [astro-ph] [7] Craig, J., Huterer, D., Schwarz, D.J. and Starkman, G.D. (2006) The Uncorrelated Universe: Statistical Anisotropy and the Vanishing Angular Correlation Function in WMAP Years 1-3. arXiv: 0605135 [astro-ph] [8] Einstein, A. (1917) Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations to the General Theory of Relativity). Sitzungsberichte der königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 142-152. [9] Einstein, A. (1911) über den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichts (On the influence of gravity on the Propagation of Light). Annals of Physics, 35, 898-908.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19113401005 [10] Lehnert, M.D., Nesvadba, N.P.H., Cuby, J.-G., Swinbank, A.M., Morris, S., Clement, B., Evans, C.J., Bremer, M.N. and Basa, S. (2010) Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Galaxy at Redshift z = 8.6. arXiv: 1010.4312 [astro-ph] [11] Cunha, J.V. and Lima, J.A.S. (2008) Transition Redshift: New Kinematic Constraints from Supernovae. arXiv: 0805.1261v2 [astro-ph] [12] Stephani, H. (1980) Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (General Theory of Relativity). Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 253. [13] Younger, J.D., Fazio, G.G., Huang, J.-S., Yun, M.S., Wilson, G.W., Ashby, M.L.N., Gurwell, M.A., Lai, K., et al. (2007) Evidence for a Population of High-Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies from Interferometric Imaging. arXiv: 07081020 [astro-ph] [14] Melbourne, J., Bussman, S., Brand, K., Desai, V., Armus, L., Dey, A., Jannuzi, B.T., Houck, J.R., Matthews, K. and Soifer, B.T. (2009) High Redshift Dust Obscured Galaxies, a Morphology-SED Connection. arXiv: 0904.1231v1 [astro-ph.Co] [15] Einstein, A. (1916) Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (The Basis of the General Theory of Relativity). Annalen der Physik, 49, 769-822. [16] Heisenberg, W. (1938) über die in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen auftretende universelle Länge (On the Universal Length Occuring in the Theory of Elementary Particles). Annalen der Physik, 32, 20-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19384240105 [17] Pohl, R., Antognini, A., Nez, F., Amaro, F.D., Biraben, F., Cardoso, J.M.R., et al. (2010) The Size of the Protron. Nature, 466, 213-216. [18] Stephani, H. (1980) Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 98-121. [19] Burghardt, R. (2005) Erweiterte Methoden zum Verständnis von Gravitationsmodellen (Extended Methods for Understanding of Gravitational Models). Lectures in Geophysics and Physics, 6, 103-106. [20] Zwicky, F. (1933) Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln (The Redshift of Extra-Galactic Nebulae). Helvetica Phisica Acta, 6, 110-127. [21] Bosma, A. (1981) 21-cm Line Studies of Spiral Galaxies. The Astronomical Journal, 86, 1791-1846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/113062 [22] Rubin, V.C., Ford Jr., W.K., Thonnard, N. and Burstein, D. (1982) Balance of Dark and Luminious Mass in Rotating Galaxies. The Astronomical Journal, 261, 439-456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/160355 [23] Rubin, V.C. (1983) The Rotation of Spiral Galaxies. Science, 220, 1339-1344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4604.1339 [24] Zwicky, F. (1937) On the Mass of Nebulae and Clusters of Nebulae. The Astronomical Journal, 86, 217-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/143864 [25] Hinshaw, G., Weiland, J.L., Hill, R.S., Odegard, N., Larson, D., Bennett, C.L., Dunkley, J., Gold, B., Greason, M.R., Jarosik, N., Komatsu, E., Nolta, M.R., Page, L., Sperge, D.N., Wollack, E., Halpern, M., Kogut, A., Limon, M., Meyer, S.S., Tucker, G.S. and Wright, E.L. (2009) Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy-Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results. The Astronomical Journal, 180, 225-245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225 [26] Schneider, P. (2006) Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. [27] Anderson, J.D., Laing, P.A., Lau, E.L., Liu, A.S., Nieto, M.M. and Turyshev, S.G. (1998) Indication from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses Data of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak Long-Range Acceleration. arXiv: 9808081 [gr-qc] [28] Anderson, J.D., Laing, P.A., Lau, E.L., Liu, A.S., Nieto, M.M. and Turyshev, S.G. (2001) Study of the Anomalous Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11. arXiv: 0104064v5 [gr-qc] [29] Mastropietro, C. and Burkert, A. (2008) Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Bullet Cluster. Reviews in Modern Astronomy, 20, 228. [30] Walker, M.G., McGaugh, S.S., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. and de Naray, R.K. (2010) Comparing the Dark Matter Halos of Spiral Low Surface Brightness and Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies. arXiv: 1004.5228v2 [astro-ph] [31] Przybilla, N., Tillich, A. and Heber, U. (2010) Extended HI Rotation Curve and Mass Distribution of M31. arXiv: 1005.5026v1 [astro-ph] [32] Przybilla, N., et al. (2007) Weighing the Galactic Dark Matter Halo: A Lower Mass Hint from the Farthest Halo Star Known. arxiv: 1005.5026 [33] Besla, G., Kallivayalil, N., Hernquist, L., Robertson, B., Cox, T.J., van der Marel, R.P. and Alcock, C. (2007) Are the Magellanic Clouds on their First Passage about the Milky Way? arxiv: 0703196 [astro-ph] [34] Kunst, E.K. (2014) Is the Kinematics of Special Relativity Incomplete? Natural Science, 6, 226-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2014.64027 [35] Lorimer, D.R. and Ramachandran, R. (2009) Puzzling Pulsar and Supernovae Remnants. arXiv: 0703196 [astro-ph.Co] [36] Ade, P.A.R., Aikin, R.W., Barkats, D., Benton, S.J., Bischoff, C.A., Bock, J.J., Brevik, J.A., et al. (2014) BICEP2 I: Detection of B-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scale. arXiv: 1403.3985 [astro-ph]. [37] Tegmark, M., de Oliveira-Costa, A. and Hamilton, A. (2003) A High Resolution on Foreground Cleaned CMB Maps from WMAP. arXiv: 0302496v4 [astro-ph]
[1] Lemaître, G. (1927) Un Univers Homogène de Masse constant et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nebuleuses extra-galactiques (A homogene Universe of Constant Mass and Increasing Lightpath Calculated from the Radial Velocity of Extra-Galactic Nebulae). Annales de la Sciétéscientifique de Bruxelles, Sèrie A, 47, 49. [2] Hubble, E.P. (1929) A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15, 168. [3] Riess, A., Nugent, P.E., Schmidt, B.P., Tonry, J., Dickinson, M., Gilliland, R.L., Thompson, R.I., Budavari, T., Casertano, S., Evans, A.S., Filippenko, A.V., Livio, M., Sanders, D.B., Shapley, A.E., Spinrad, H., Steidel, C.C., Stern, D., Surace, J. and Veilleux, S. (2001) The Farthest Known Suoernovae: Support for an Accelerating Universe and a Glimpse of the Epoch of Deceleration. arXiv: 0104455 [astro-ph] [4] Swanson, M.E.C. (2008) Particle Physics in the Sky and Astrophysics Underground: Connecting the Universe’s Largest and Smallest Scales. arXiv: 0804.0002 [astro-ph] [5] Renzini, A. and Daddi, E. (2005) Witnessing Galaxy—SMBH Co-Evolution at Redshift ~ 2. arXiv: 0800.0094 [astro-ph] [6] Lerner, E.J. (2008) Evidence for a Non-Expanding Universe: Surface Brightness Data from HUDF. arXiv: 0509611 [astro-ph] [7] Craig, J., Huterer, D., Schwarz, D.J. and Starkman, G.D. (2006) The Uncorrelated Universe: Statistical Anisotropy and the Vanishing Angular Correlation Function in WMAP Years 1-3. arXiv: 0605135 [astro-ph] [8] Einstein, A. (1917) Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Cosmological Considerations to the General Theory of Relativity). Sitzungsberichte der königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 142-152. [9] Einstein, A. (1911) über den Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichts (On the influence of gravity on the Propagation of Light). Annals of Physics, 35, 898-908.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19113401005 [10] Lehnert, M.D., Nesvadba, N.P.H., Cuby, J.-G., Swinbank, A.M., Morris, S., Clement, B., Evans, C.J., Bremer, M.N. and Basa, S. (2010) Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Galaxy at Redshift z = 8.6. arXiv: 1010.4312 [astro-ph] [11] Cunha, J.V. and Lima, J.A.S. (2008) Transition Redshift: New Kinematic Constraints from Supernovae. arXiv: 0805.1261v2 [astro-ph] [12] Stephani, H. (1980) Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (General Theory of Relativity). Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 253. [13] Younger, J.D., Fazio, G.G., Huang, J.-S., Yun, M.S., Wilson, G.W., Ashby, M.L.N., Gurwell, M.A., Lai, K., et al. (2007) Evidence for a Population of High-Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies from Interferometric Imaging. arXiv: 07081020 [astro-ph] [14] Melbourne, J., Bussman, S., Brand, K., Desai, V., Armus, L., Dey, A., Jannuzi, B.T., Houck, J.R., Matthews, K. and Soifer, B.T. (2009) High Redshift Dust Obscured Galaxies, a Morphology-SED Connection. arXiv: 0904.1231v1 [astro-ph.Co] [15] Einstein, A. (1916) Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (The Basis of the General Theory of Relativity). Annalen der Physik, 49, 769-822. [16] Heisenberg, W. (1938) über die in der Theorie der Elementarteilchen auftretende universelle Länge (On the Universal Length Occuring in the Theory of Elementary Particles). Annalen der Physik, 32, 20-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.19384240105 [17] Pohl, R., Antognini, A., Nez, F., Amaro, F.D., Biraben, F., Cardoso, J.M.R., et al. (2010) The Size of the Protron. Nature, 466, 213-216. [18] Stephani, H. (1980) Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 98-121. [19] Burghardt, R. (2005) Erweiterte Methoden zum Verständnis von Gravitationsmodellen (Extended Methods for Understanding of Gravitational Models). Lectures in Geophysics and Physics, 6, 103-106. [20] Zwicky, F. (1933) Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln (The Redshift of Extra-Galactic Nebulae). Helvetica Phisica Acta, 6, 110-127. [21] Bosma, A. (1981) 21-cm Line Studies of Spiral Galaxies. The Astronomical Journal, 86, 1791-1846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/113062 [22] Rubin, V.C., Ford Jr., W.K., Thonnard, N. and Burstein, D. (1982) Balance of Dark and Luminious Mass in Rotating Galaxies. The Astronomical Journal, 261, 439-456.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/160355 [23] Rubin, V.C. (1983) The Rotation of Spiral Galaxies. Science, 220, 1339-1344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4604.1339 [24] Zwicky, F. (1937) On the Mass of Nebulae and Clusters of Nebulae. The Astronomical Journal, 86, 217-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/143864 [25] Hinshaw, G., Weiland, J.L., Hill, R.S., Odegard, N., Larson, D., Bennett, C.L., Dunkley, J., Gold, B., Greason, M.R., Jarosik, N., Komatsu, E., Nolta, M.R., Page, L., Sperge, D.N., Wollack, E., Halpern, M., Kogut, A., Limon, M., Meyer, S.S., Tucker, G.S. and Wright, E.L. (2009) Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy-Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results. The Astronomical Journal, 180, 225-245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225 [26] Schneider, P. (2006) Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. [27] Anderson, J.D., Laing, P.A., Lau, E.L., Liu, A.S., Nieto, M.M. and Turyshev, S.G. (1998) Indication from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses Data of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak Long-Range Acceleration. arXiv: 9808081 [gr-qc] [28] Anderson, J.D., Laing, P.A., Lau, E.L., Liu, A.S., Nieto, M.M. and Turyshev, S.G. (2001) Study of the Anomalous Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11. arXiv: 0104064v5 [gr-qc] [29] Mastropietro, C. and Burkert, A. (2008) Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Bullet Cluster. Reviews in Modern Astronomy, 20, 228. [30] Walker, M.G., McGaugh, S.S., Mateo, M., Olszewski, E. and de Naray, R.K. (2010) Comparing the Dark Matter Halos of Spiral Low Surface Brightness and Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies. arXiv: 1004.5228v2 [astro-ph] [31] Przybilla, N., Tillich, A. and Heber, U. (2010) Extended HI Rotation Curve and Mass Distribution of M31. arXiv: 1005.5026v1 [astro-ph] [32] Przybilla, N., et al. (2007) Weighing the Galactic Dark Matter Halo: A Lower Mass Hint from the Farthest Halo Star Known. arxiv: 1005.5026 [33] Besla, G., Kallivayalil, N., Hernquist, L., Robertson, B., Cox, T.J., van der Marel, R.P. and Alcock, C. (2007) Are the Magellanic Clouds on their First Passage about the Milky Way? arxiv: 0703196 [astro-ph] [34] Kunst, E.K. (2014) Is the Kinematics of Special Relativity Incomplete? Natural Science, 6, 226-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2014.64027 [35] Lorimer, D.R. and Ramachandran, R. (2009) Puzzling Pulsar and Supernovae Remnants. arXiv: 0703196 [astro-ph.Co] [36] Ade, P.A.R., Aikin, R.W., Barkats, D., Benton, S.J., Bischoff, C.A., Bock, J.J., Brevik, J.A., et al. (2014) BICEP2 I: Detection of B-Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scale. arXiv: 1403.3985 [astro-ph]. [37] Tegmark, M., de Oliveira-Costa, A. and Hamilton, A. (2003) A High Resolution on Foreground Cleaned CMB Maps from WMAP. arXiv: 0302496v4 [astro-ph]