Limiting the Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Affiliation(s)
Department of Polymer Materials Research, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, SRTA-City, New Bourg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt. Center of Plasma Technology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
Department of Polymer Materials Research, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, SRTA-City, New Bourg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt. Center of Plasma Technology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Dielectric barrier discharge
is used as a cheap technique for surface treatment of polycarbonate. The
discharge system is working in open air at atmospheric pressure. The treatments
are carried out at low discharge powers (1.5 and 2 W) for treatment time (2.5 -
15 min). The treated samples show decrease in the contact angle and increase in
the crystallinity, thermal stability and surface roughness. The effect of ozone
on the increase in the oxygen containing functional groups is discussed. The
treatment process shows effective limitation of the migration of bisphenol A
from the surface of polycarbonate due to the cross linking. Zero migration of
bisphenole A is recorded as the sample is treated for 7.5 min. The treatment
process is found to be very efficient with very low cost.
Cite this paper
Soliman, E. , Samir, A. , Hassan, A. , Mohy-Eldin, M. and El-Naim, G. (2014) Limiting the Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge. Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications, 3, 27-36. doi: 10.4236/ojsta.2014.33005.
Soliman, E. , Samir, A. , Hassan, A. , Mohy-Eldin, M. and El-Naim, G. (2014) Limiting the Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge. Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications, 3, 27-36. doi: 10.4236/ojsta.2014.33005.
References
[1] Vandenberg, L.N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N. and Welshons, W.V. (2007) Human Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 139-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.010 [2] Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley, T.H. and Hollifield, H.C. (1997) Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43, 3541-3544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970072i [3] Swan, S.H. (2000) Intrauterine Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Long-Term Effects in Humans. APMIS, 108, 793-804.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2000.tb00001.x [4] Klip, H., Verloop, van Gool, J.D., Koster, M.E., Burger C.W. and van Leeuwin, F.E. (2002) Hypospadias in Sons of Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero: A Cohort Study. The Lancet, 359, 1102-1107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08152-7 [5] Troisi, R., Hatch, E.E., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Hyer, M., Palmer, J.R., Robboy, S.J., Strohsnitter, W.C., Kaufman, R., Herbst, A.L. and Hoover, R.N. (2007) Cancer Risk in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestro. International Journal of Cancer, 121, 356-360.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22631 [6] Li, D., Zhou, Z., Qing, D., He, Y., Wu, T., Miao, M., Wang, J., Weng, X., Ferber, J.R., Herrinton, L.J., Zhu, Q., Gao, E., Checkoway, H. and Yuan, W. (2010) Occupational Exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA) and the Risk of Self-Reported Male Sexual Dysfunction. Human Reproduction, 25, 519-527.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep381 [7] Kubwabo, C., Kosarac, I., Stewart, B., Gauthier, B.R., Lalonde, K. and Lalonde, P.J. (2009) Migration of Bisphenol A from Plastic Baby Bottles, Baby Bottle Liners and Reusable Polycarbonate Drinking Bottles. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 26, 928-937.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802706725 [8] Cao, X.-L. and Corriveau, J. (2008) Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Baby and Water Bottles into Water under Severe Conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 6378-6381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf800870b [9] De Coensel, N., David, F. and Sandra, P. (2009) Study on the Migration of Bisphenol-A from Baby Bottles by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction-Thermal Desorption-Capillary GC-MS. Journal of Separation Science, 32, 3829-3836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900349 [10] Bredey, C., Fjeldalz, P., Skjevraky, I. and Herikstady, H. (2003) Increased Migration Levels of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Baby Bottles after Dishwashing, Boiling and Brushing. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20, 684-689.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000119061 [11] Nam, S.-H., Seo, Y.-M. and Kim, M.-G. (2010) Bisphenol A Migration from Polycarbonate Baby Bottle with Repeated Use. Chemosphere, 79, 949-952.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.049 [12] Palmer, J.R., Wise, L.A., Hatch, E.E., Troisi, R., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Strohsnitter, W., Kaufman, R., Herbst, A.L., Noller, K.L., Hyer, M. and Hoover, R.N. (2006) Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention, 15, 1509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0109 [13] Hofrichter, A., Bulkin P. and Drevillon, B. (2002) Plasma Treatment of Polycarbonate for Improved Adhesion. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 20, 245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1430425 [14] Kitova, S., Minchev, M. and Danev, G. (2005) RF Plasma Treatment of Polycarbonate Substrates. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 7, 2607-2612. [15] Subedi, D.P., Madhup, D.K., Adhikari, K. and Joshi, U.M. (2008) Plasma Treatment at Low Pressure for the Enhancement of Wettability of Polycarbonate. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, 46, 540-544. [16] Qureshi, A., Shah, S., Pelagade, S., Singh, N.L., Mukherjee, S., Tripathi, A., Despande, U.P. and Shripathi, T. (2010) Surface Modification of Polycarbonate by Plasma Treatment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 208, Article ID: 012108. [17] Vijayalakshmi, K.A., Mekala, M., Yoganand, C.P. and Navaneetha Pandiyaraj, K. (2011) Studies on Modification of Surface Properties in Polycarbonate (PC) Film Induced by DC Glow Discharge Plasma. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2011, Article ID: 426057.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/426057 [18] Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P. and Begley, T.H. (1997) Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970072i [19] Gonzalez-Casado, A., Navas, N., Del Olmo, M. and Vilchez, J.L. (1998) Determination of Bisphenol A in Water by Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Followed by Silylation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 36, 565-569. [20] Casajuana, N. and Lacorte, S. (2003) Presence and Release of Phthalic Esters and Other Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Drinking Water. Chromatographia, 57, 649-655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02491744 [21] Liu, R., Zhou, J.L. and Wilding, A. (2004) Simultaneous Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Phenolic Compounds and Steroids in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1022, 179-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.035 [22] Tay, W.H., Yap, S.L. and Wong, C.S. (2014) Electrical Characteristics and Modeling of a Filamentary Dielectric Barrier Discharge in Atmospheric Air. Sains Malaysiana, 43, 583 [23] El-Zeer, D.M., Salem, A.A., Rashed, U.M., Abd Elbaset, T.A. and Ghalab, S. (2014) A Comparative Study between the Filamentary and Glow Modes of DBD Plasma in the Treatment of Wool Fibers. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4, 401-410. [24] Konelschatz, U., Eliasson, B. and Egli, W. (1997) Dielectric-Barrier Discharges. Principle and Applications. Journal de Physique I11 d’octobre, 7, C4-47 [25] Kostov, K.G., Honda, R. Y., Alves, L.M.S. and Kayama, M.E. (2009) Characteristics of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Material Treatment. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 39, 322.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332009000300015 [26] Síra, M., Trunec, D., St’ahel, P., Bursíková, V. and Navrátil, Z. (2008) Surface Modification of Polycarbonate in Homogeneous Atmospheric Pressure Discharge. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 41, Article ID: 015205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/1/015205 [27] Kokkoris, G., Vourdas, N. and Gogolides, E. (2008) Plasma Etching and Roughening of Thin Polymeric Films: A Fast, Accurate, in Situ Method of Surface Roughness Measurement. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 5, 825-833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200800071 [28] Vargo, T.G., Gardella, J.A. and Salvati, L. (1989) Multitechnique Surface Spectroscopic Studies of Plasma Modified Polymers III. H2O and O2/H2O Plasma Modified Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)s. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 27, 1267-1286.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270413 [29] Yun, Y.I., Kim, K.S., Uhm, S.-J., Kkatua, B.B., Cho, K., Kim, J.K. and Park, C.E. (2004) Aging Behavior of Oxygen Plasma-Treated Polypropylene with Different Crystallinities. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 18, 1279-1297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568561041588200 [30] Garamoon, A.A., Elakshar, F.F., Nossair, A.M. and Kotp, E.F. (2002) Experimental Study of Ozone Synthesis. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 11, 254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/11/3/305 [31] Garamoon, A.A., Elakshar, F.F. and Elsawah, M. (2009) Optimizations of Ozone Generator at Low Resonance Frequency. The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 48, 21002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2009144 [32] Eliasson, B., Hirth, M. and Kogelschatz, U. (1987) Ozone Synthesis from Oxygen in Dielectric Barrier Discharges. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 20, 1421.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/20/11/010
[1] Vandenberg, L.N., Hauser, R., Marcus, M., Olea, N. and Welshons, W.V. (2007) Human Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA). Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 139-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.010 [2] Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P., Begley, T.H. and Hollifield, H.C. (1997) Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43, 3541-3544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970072i [3] Swan, S.H. (2000) Intrauterine Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Long-Term Effects in Humans. APMIS, 108, 793-804.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2000.tb00001.x [4] Klip, H., Verloop, van Gool, J.D., Koster, M.E., Burger C.W. and van Leeuwin, F.E. (2002) Hypospadias in Sons of Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero: A Cohort Study. The Lancet, 359, 1102-1107.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08152-7 [5] Troisi, R., Hatch, E.E., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Hyer, M., Palmer, J.R., Robboy, S.J., Strohsnitter, W.C., Kaufman, R., Herbst, A.L. and Hoover, R.N. (2007) Cancer Risk in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestro. International Journal of Cancer, 121, 356-360.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22631 [6] Li, D., Zhou, Z., Qing, D., He, Y., Wu, T., Miao, M., Wang, J., Weng, X., Ferber, J.R., Herrinton, L.J., Zhu, Q., Gao, E., Checkoway, H. and Yuan, W. (2010) Occupational Exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA) and the Risk of Self-Reported Male Sexual Dysfunction. Human Reproduction, 25, 519-527.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep381 [7] Kubwabo, C., Kosarac, I., Stewart, B., Gauthier, B.R., Lalonde, K. and Lalonde, P.J. (2009) Migration of Bisphenol A from Plastic Baby Bottles, Baby Bottle Liners and Reusable Polycarbonate Drinking Bottles. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 26, 928-937.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802706725 [8] Cao, X.-L. and Corriveau, J. (2008) Migration of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Baby and Water Bottles into Water under Severe Conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 6378-6381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf800870b [9] De Coensel, N., David, F. and Sandra, P. (2009) Study on the Migration of Bisphenol-A from Baby Bottles by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction-Thermal Desorption-Capillary GC-MS. Journal of Separation Science, 32, 3829-3836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200900349 [10] Bredey, C., Fjeldalz, P., Skjevraky, I. and Herikstady, H. (2003) Increased Migration Levels of Bisphenol A from Polycarbonate Baby Bottles after Dishwashing, Boiling and Brushing. Food Additives and Contaminants, 20, 684-689.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0265203031000119061 [11] Nam, S.-H., Seo, Y.-M. and Kim, M.-G. (2010) Bisphenol A Migration from Polycarbonate Baby Bottle with Repeated Use. Chemosphere, 79, 949-952.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.049 [12] Palmer, J.R., Wise, L.A., Hatch, E.E., Troisi, R., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Strohsnitter, W., Kaufman, R., Herbst, A.L., Noller, K.L., Hyer, M. and Hoover, R.N. (2006) Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention, 15, 1509.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0109 [13] Hofrichter, A., Bulkin P. and Drevillon, B. (2002) Plasma Treatment of Polycarbonate for Improved Adhesion. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 20, 245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1430425 [14] Kitova, S., Minchev, M. and Danev, G. (2005) RF Plasma Treatment of Polycarbonate Substrates. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 7, 2607-2612. [15] Subedi, D.P., Madhup, D.K., Adhikari, K. and Joshi, U.M. (2008) Plasma Treatment at Low Pressure for the Enhancement of Wettability of Polycarbonate. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, 46, 540-544. [16] Qureshi, A., Shah, S., Pelagade, S., Singh, N.L., Mukherjee, S., Tripathi, A., Despande, U.P. and Shripathi, T. (2010) Surface Modification of Polycarbonate by Plasma Treatment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 208, Article ID: 012108. [17] Vijayalakshmi, K.A., Mekala, M., Yoganand, C.P. and Navaneetha Pandiyaraj, K. (2011) Studies on Modification of Surface Properties in Polycarbonate (PC) Film Induced by DC Glow Discharge Plasma. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2011, Article ID: 426057.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/426057 [18] Biles, J.E., McNeal, T.P. and Begley, T.H. (1997) Determination of Bisphenol-A in Reusable Polycarbonate Food-Contact Plastics and Migration to Food-Simulating Liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970072i [19] Gonzalez-Casado, A., Navas, N., Del Olmo, M. and Vilchez, J.L. (1998) Determination of Bisphenol A in Water by Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Followed by Silylation and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 36, 565-569. [20] Casajuana, N. and Lacorte, S. (2003) Presence and Release of Phthalic Esters and Other Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Drinking Water. Chromatographia, 57, 649-655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02491744 [21] Liu, R., Zhou, J.L. and Wilding, A. (2004) Simultaneous Determination of Endocrine Disrupting Phenolic Compounds and Steroids in Water by Solid-Phase Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1022, 179-189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.035 [22] Tay, W.H., Yap, S.L. and Wong, C.S. (2014) Electrical Characteristics and Modeling of a Filamentary Dielectric Barrier Discharge in Atmospheric Air. Sains Malaysiana, 43, 583 [23] El-Zeer, D.M., Salem, A.A., Rashed, U.M., Abd Elbaset, T.A. and Ghalab, S. (2014) A Comparative Study between the Filamentary and Glow Modes of DBD Plasma in the Treatment of Wool Fibers. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4, 401-410. [24] Konelschatz, U., Eliasson, B. and Egli, W. (1997) Dielectric-Barrier Discharges. Principle and Applications. Journal de Physique I11 d’octobre, 7, C4-47 [25] Kostov, K.G., Honda, R. Y., Alves, L.M.S. and Kayama, M.E. (2009) Characteristics of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Material Treatment. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 39, 322.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332009000300015 [26] Síra, M., Trunec, D., St’ahel, P., Bursíková, V. and Navrátil, Z. (2008) Surface Modification of Polycarbonate in Homogeneous Atmospheric Pressure Discharge. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 41, Article ID: 015205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/1/015205 [27] Kokkoris, G., Vourdas, N. and Gogolides, E. (2008) Plasma Etching and Roughening of Thin Polymeric Films: A Fast, Accurate, in Situ Method of Surface Roughness Measurement. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 5, 825-833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200800071 [28] Vargo, T.G., Gardella, J.A. and Salvati, L. (1989) Multitechnique Surface Spectroscopic Studies of Plasma Modified Polymers III. H2O and O2/H2O Plasma Modified Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)s. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 27, 1267-1286.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1989.080270413 [29] Yun, Y.I., Kim, K.S., Uhm, S.-J., Kkatua, B.B., Cho, K., Kim, J.K. and Park, C.E. (2004) Aging Behavior of Oxygen Plasma-Treated Polypropylene with Different Crystallinities. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 18, 1279-1297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568561041588200 [30] Garamoon, A.A., Elakshar, F.F., Nossair, A.M. and Kotp, E.F. (2002) Experimental Study of Ozone Synthesis. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 11, 254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/11/3/305 [31] Garamoon, A.A., Elakshar, F.F. and Elsawah, M. (2009) Optimizations of Ozone Generator at Low Resonance Frequency. The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 48, 21002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2009144 [32] Eliasson, B., Hirth, M. and Kogelschatz, U. (1987) Ozone Synthesis from Oxygen in Dielectric Barrier Discharges. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 20, 1421.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/20/11/010