ABSTRACT
In this
paper, a receiver model for ultrasonic ray tracing simulation is described.
This is a complementary part of an existing simulation model and is the next
step towards a numerical solution to the inverse problem and thus a NDT
methodology for characterization of the dendrite orientation in a weld. The
establishment of the receiver model is based on the electromechanical
reciprocity principle. A concise retrospect of the weld model and the 2D model
is made. The reciprocity principle is applied in an original way to handle the
model problem including the back wall. Experimental qualitative validations for
both P and SV waves on a specific
weld are also made for C-scans included in this paper. Two different cases are
studied. The first is a direct incidence of an ultrasonic ray towards the weld,
and the second is a reflection from the back surface in the base material
followed by an incidence to the weld. Even though mode-converted rays are
excluded in the simulations, both the P and
SV probe-models show the same behavior as the experimental results. The
qualitative validation though reveals that it even if a thorough time-gating of
received information would enable exclusion of mode-conversion in the model,
inaccuracy of experimental results is affecting the evaluation of the weld
model.
References
[1] Ogilvy, J.A. (1985) British Journal of NDT, 27, 13-21.
[2] Fellinger, P., Marklein, R., Langenberg, K.J. and Klaholz, S. (1995) Wave Motion, 21, 47-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2125(94)00040-C
[3] Schmitz, V., Walte, F. and Chakhlov, S.V. (1999) NDT & E International, 32, 201-213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2125(94)00040-C
[4] Spies, M. (2000) NDT & E International, 33, 155-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(99)00036-5
[5] Moysan, J., Apfel, A., Corneloup, G. and Chassignole, B. (2003) International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 80, 77-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-0161(03)00024-3
[6] Spies, M. (2004) Ultrasonics, 42, 213-219.
[7] Jeong, H. (2009) NDT & E International, 42, 210-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.09.010
[8] Kohler, B., Müller, W., Spies, M., Schmitz, V., Zimmer, A., Langenberg, K.-J. and Metzko, U. (2006) AIP Conference Proceedings, 820, 57-64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2184511
[9] Nakahata, K., Hirose, S., Schubert, F. and Kohler, B. (2009) Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 3, 1256-1262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.3.1256
[10] Baek, E. and Yim, H. (2011) NDT & E International, 44, 571-582.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.05.011
[11] Connolly, G.D., Lowe, M.J.S., Rokhlin, S.I. and Temple, J.A.G. (2010) The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127, 2802-2812.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3372724
[12] Ogilvy, J.A. (1985) NDT International, 18, 67-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(85)90100-2
[13] Chassignole, B., El Guerjouma, R., Ploix, M.-A. and Fouquet, T. (2011) NDT & E International, 43, 273-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.12.005
[14] Gueudre, C., Le Marrec, L., Moysan, J. and Chassignole, B. (2009) NDT & E International, 42, 47-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.07.003
[15] Kolkoori, S.R., Rahaman, M.-U., Chinta, P.K., Kreutzbruck, M. and Prager, J. (2012) AIP Conference Proceedings, 1430, 1227-1234.
[16] Liu, Q. and Wirdelius, H. (2007) NDT & E International, 40, 229-238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2006.10.004
[17] Wirdelius, H., Persson, G., Hamberg, K. and Hogberg, K. (2008) ULiAS 4—Experimental Validation of a Software that Models Ultrasonic Wave Propagation through an Anisotropic Weld. SKi Report: 05.
[18] Auld, B.A. (1979) Wave Motion, 1, 3-10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2125(79)90020-9
[19] Tan, T.H. (1977) Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 61, 928-931.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.381393
[20] Kino, G.S. (1978) Journal of Applied Physics, 49, 3190-3199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.325312
[21] Bostrom, A. and Wirdelius, H. (1995) Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 2836-2848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.411850
[22] Eriksson, A.S., Mattsson, J. and Niklasson, A.J. (2000) NDT & E International, 33, 441-451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(00)00016-5
[23] Achenbach, J.D. (1973) Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids. North-Holland, Amsterdam, Ch. 6, 6.5.
[24] Krautkramer, J. and Krautkramer, H. (1990) Ultrasonic Testing of Materials. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Ch. 4.4.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10680-8