Use of LPS Extracts to Validate Phage Oligopeptide That Binds All Salmonella enterica Serovars
Affiliation(s)
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, USA. Materials Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, USA. Materials Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, USA.
ABSTRACT
Phage Display technology provides a mechanism for us to make bio-recognition elements on biosensors for detection of Salmonella enterica serovars. In the procedure, the filamentous M13 bacteriophage is used for acquiring peptides that have a high affinity for the target recognition. Our approach in this study was to develop peptide structures in the pIII region of this thread-shaped virus. A phage pIII library was used to perform biopanning for the phage clones to bind the target Salmonella serovars. The clones were bound, washed, eluted and amplified four times. Then, the phage peptides were sequenced tested for specificity using ELISA procedures. In this project to make a biosensor for all relevant Salmonella enterica serovars, we used common LPS salmonellae antigens as targets in the biopanning procedure. This enabled us to have a phage probe specific for all serovars of Salmonella enterica excluding the typhoid organisms. The final phage was then immobilized onto an electromagnetic platform to complete the biosensor, which gives us the real-time ability to measure resonance changes that indicate mass loading. The mass loading is an indication of binding to the target cells. Our current data with an ELISA procedure show the phage probe’s high affinity for salmonellae, very low cross-reactivity with Escherichia coli, Shigella, and no cross-reactivity to Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The biosensor with the phage showed that the capture ability for Salmonella serovars is thirty times higher than the control sensor. This biosensor is a candidate for detection of Salmonella in food and other settings.
Cite this paper
Chen, I. , Vaglenov, K. , Chai, Y. , Chin, B. and Barbaree, J. (2014) Use of LPS Extracts to Validate Phage Oligopeptide That Binds All Salmonella enterica Serovars. Advances in Microbiology, 4, 549-559. doi: 10.4236/aim.2014.49061.
Chen, I. , Vaglenov, K. , Chai, Y. , Chin, B. and Barbaree, J. (2014) Use of LPS Extracts to Validate Phage Oligopeptide That Binds All Salmonella enterica Serovars. Advances in Microbiology, 4, 549-559. doi: 10.4236/aim.2014.49061.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp050315o [12] Nanduri, V., Sorokulova, I.B., Samoylov, A.M., Simonian, A.L., Petrenko, V.A. and Vodyanoy, V. J. (2007) Phage as Molecular Recognition Elements in Biosensors Immobilized by Physical Adsorption. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22, 986-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.03.025 [13] Olsen, E.V., Sorokulova, I.B., Chen, I.H., Barbaree, J.M. and Vodyanoy, V.J. (2006) Affinity-Selected Filamentous Bacteriophage as a Probe for Acoustic Wave Biodetectors of Salmonella typhimurium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21, 1434-1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.06.004 [14] Westphal, O. and Jann, K. (1965) Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Extraction with Phenol-Water and Further Applications of the Procedure. Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, 5, 83-91. [15] Ding, H.F., Nakoneczna, I. and Hsu, H.S. (1990) Protective Immunity Induced in Mice by Detoxified Salmonella Lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 31, 95-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-31-2-95 [16] Kroll, J.J., Eichmeyer, M.A., Schaeffer, M.L., Harris, D.L. and Roof, M.B. (2005) Lipopolysaccharide-Based-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Experimental Use in Detection of Antibodies to Lawsonia intracellularis in Pigs. Clinical and Diagnostic Lab Immunology, 12, 693-699. [17] Rezania, S., Amirmozaffari, N., Tabarraei, B., Jeddi-Tehrani, M., Zarei, O., Alizadeh, R., Masjedian, F. and Zarnani, A.H. (2011) Extraction, Purification and Characterization of Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 3, 3-9. [18] Goldman, R.C. and Leive, L. (1980) Heterogeneity of Antigenic-Side-Chain Length in Lipopolysacchari
de from Escherichia coli 0111 and Salmonella typhinurium LT2. European Journal of Biochemistry, 107, 145-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04635.x [19] Jann, B., Reske, K. and Jann, K. (1975) Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of Polysaccha
ride Chain Lengths by Sodium Dodecylsulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophore. European Journal of Biochemistry, 60, 239-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb20996.x [20] Palva, E.T. and Makela, P.H. (1980) Lipopolysaccharide Heterogeneity in Salmonella typhimurium Ana
lyzed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis. European Journal of Biochemistry, 107, 137-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04634.x [21] Maripandi, A. and Al-Salamah A.A. (2010) Analysis of Salmonella enteritidis Outer Membrane Proteins and Lipopolysaccharide Profiles with the Detection of Immune Dominant Proteins. American Journal of Immunology, 6, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2010.1.6 [22] Kim, Y., Lee, C., Chung, W., Kim, E., Shin, D., Rhim, J., Lee, Y., Kim, B. and Chung, J. (2005) Screening of LPS-Specific Peptide from a Phage Display Library Using Expoxy Beads. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 329, 312-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2010.1.6 [23] Tanaka, T., Kokuryu, Y. and Matsunaga, T. (2008) Novel Method for Selection of Antimicrobial Peptides from a Phage Display Library by Use of Bacterial Magnetic Particles. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 7600-7606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00162-08 [24] Matsumoto, M., Horiuchi, Y., Yamamoto, A., Ochiai, M., Niwa, M., Takagi, T., Omi, H., Kobayashi, T. and Suzuki, M. (2010) Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Peptide Obtained by Phage Display. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 82, 54-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.002 [25] Chai, Y., Horikawa, S., Wikle, H.C. and Chin, B.A. (2013) A Surface-Scanning Coil Detector for Real-Time, in-Situ Detection of Bacteria on Fresh Food Surfaces. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 50, 311-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.056
[1] CDC (2014) Salmonella Data Now at Your Fingertips.
http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0326-salmonella-data.html [2] Huang, S., Yang, H., Lakshmanan, R.S., Johnson, M.L., Wan, J., Chen, I.H., Wikle, H.C., Petrenko, V.A., Barbaree, J.M. and Chin, B.A. (2009) Sequential Detection of Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus anthracis Spores Using Magnetoelastic Biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 24, 1730-1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.09.006 [3] Shen, W., Lakshmanan, R.S., Mathison, L.C., Petrenko, V.A. and Chin, B.A. (2009) Phage Coated Magnetoelastic Micro-Biosensors for Real-Time Detection of Bacillus anthracis Spores. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 137, 501-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.027 [4] Li, S., Li, Y., Chen, H., Horikawa, S., Shen, W., Simonian, A. and Chin, B.A. (2010) Direct Detection of Salmonella typhimurium on Fresh Produce Using Phage-Based Magnetoelastic Biosensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 26, 1313-1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.029 [5] Chai, Y., Wikle, H.C., Wang, Z., Horikawa, S., Best, S., Cheng, Z., Dyer, D.F. and Chin, B.A. (2013) Design of a Surface-Scanning Coil Detector for Direct Bacteria Detection on Food Surfaces Using a Magnetoelastic Biosensor. Journal of Applied Physics, 114, 104504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4821025 [6] Huang, S., Li, S., Yang, Q., Johnson, H., Wan, J., Chen, I., Petrenko, V.A., Barbaree, J.M. and Chin, B.A. (2008) Optimization of Phage-Based Magnetoelastic Biosensor Performance. Special Issue of Sensors & Transducers Journal, 3, 87-96. [7] Hitchcock, P.J. and Brown, T.M. (1983) Morphological Heterogeneity among Salmonella Lipopolysacch
aride Chemotypes in Silver-Stained Polyacrylamide Gels. Journal of Bacteriology, 154, 269-277. [8] Kido, N., Ohta, M. and Kato, N. (1990) Detection of Lipopolysaccharide by Ethidium Bromide Staining after Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Journal of Bacteriology, 172, 1145-1147. [9] Brigati, J., Williams, D.D., Sorokulova, I.B., Nanduri, V., Chen, I., Turnbough Jr., C.L. and Petrenko, V.A. (2004) Diagnostic Probes for Bacillus anthracis Spores Selected from a Landscape Phage Library. Clinical Chemistry, 50, 1899-1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.038018 [10] Sorokulova, I.B., Olsen, E.V., Chen, I-H., Fiebor, B., Barbaree, J.M., Vodyanoy, V.J., Chin, B.A. and Petrenko, V.A. (2005) Landscape Phage Probes for Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 63, 55-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2005.02.019 [11] Guo, X. and Chen, R.R. (2006) An Improved Phage Display Procedure for Identification of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Peptides. Biotechnology Progress, 22, 601-604.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp050315o [12] Nanduri, V., Sorokulova, I.B., Samoylov, A.M., Simonian, A.L., Petrenko, V.A. and Vodyanoy, V. J. (2007) Phage as Molecular Recognition Elements in Biosensors Immobilized by Physical Adsorption. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22, 986-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2006.03.025 [13] Olsen, E.V., Sorokulova, I.B., Chen, I.H., Barbaree, J.M. and Vodyanoy, V.J. (2006) Affinity-Selected Filamentous Bacteriophage as a Probe for Acoustic Wave Biodetectors of Salmonella typhimurium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 21, 1434-1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.06.004 [14] Westphal, O. and Jann, K. (1965) Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides. Extraction with Phenol-Water and Further Applications of the Procedure. Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, 5, 83-91. [15] Ding, H.F., Nakoneczna, I. and Hsu, H.S. (1990) Protective Immunity Induced in Mice by Detoxified Salmonella Lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 31, 95-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-31-2-95 [16] Kroll, J.J., Eichmeyer, M.A., Schaeffer, M.L., Harris, D.L. and Roof, M.B. (2005) Lipopolysaccharide-Based-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Experimental Use in Detection of Antibodies to Lawsonia intracellularis in Pigs. Clinical and Diagnostic Lab Immunology, 12, 693-699. [17] Rezania, S., Amirmozaffari, N., Tabarraei, B., Jeddi-Tehrani, M., Zarei, O., Alizadeh, R., Masjedian, F. and Zarnani, A.H. (2011) Extraction, Purification and Characterization of Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 3, 3-9. [18] Goldman, R.C. and Leive, L. (1980) Heterogeneity of Antigenic-Side-Chain Length in Lipopolysacchari
de from Escherichia coli 0111 and Salmonella typhinurium LT2. European Journal of Biochemistry, 107, 145-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04635.x [19] Jann, B., Reske, K. and Jann, K. (1975) Heterogeneity of Lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of Polysaccha
ride Chain Lengths by Sodium Dodecylsulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophore. European Journal of Biochemistry, 60, 239-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb20996.x [20] Palva, E.T. and Makela, P.H. (1980) Lipopolysaccharide Heterogeneity in Salmonella typhimurium Ana
lyzed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis. European Journal of Biochemistry, 107, 137-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04634.x [21] Maripandi, A. and Al-Salamah A.A. (2010) Analysis of Salmonella enteritidis Outer Membrane Proteins and Lipopolysaccharide Profiles with the Detection of Immune Dominant Proteins. American Journal of Immunology, 6, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2010.1.6 [22] Kim, Y., Lee, C., Chung, W., Kim, E., Shin, D., Rhim, J., Lee, Y., Kim, B. and Chung, J. (2005) Screening of LPS-Specific Peptide from a Phage Display Library Using Expoxy Beads. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 329, 312-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajisp.2010.1.6 [23] Tanaka, T., Kokuryu, Y. and Matsunaga, T. (2008) Novel Method for Selection of Antimicrobial Peptides from a Phage Display Library by Use of Bacterial Magnetic Particles. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 7600-7606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00162-08 [24] Matsumoto, M., Horiuchi, Y., Yamamoto, A., Ochiai, M., Niwa, M., Takagi, T., Omi, H., Kobayashi, T. and Suzuki, M. (2010) Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Peptide Obtained by Phage Display. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 82, 54-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2010.04.002 [25] Chai, Y., Horikawa, S., Wikle, H.C. and Chin, B.A. (2013) A Surface-Scanning Coil Detector for Real-Time, in-Situ Detection of Bacteria on Fresh Food Surfaces. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 50, 311-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.056