Fragility Curves of Existing RC Buildings Based on Specific Structural Performance Levels
Author(s)
Marco Vona*
ABSTRACT
In seismic risk mitigation policies, fragility functions of existing buildings play a fundamental role. In this paper, a procedure to develop analytical fragility curves for Moment Resisting Frame Reinforced Concrete buildings is presented. The design of the selected building typologies was performed according to the codes at the time of construction using force-based methods and the state of the practice at the time of construction. A total of 216 building classes were defined, considering different ages, number of storeys, infill panels, plan dimensions, beam stiffness, and concrete strength. The investigated buildings can be considered low-engineered buildings, using no seismic codes or old seismic codes. The seismic capacity of the selected models representing the existing RC buildings has been evaluated through non-linear dynamic simulations. Seismic response has been analyzed, considering various peak and integral intensity measures and various response parameters, such as ductility demands and Interstorey Drift Ratio (IDR). A new relationship among structural performance, damage levels and interstorey drift ratios for each studied type is introduced, which is calibrated using the damage levels described in EMS98. It is important to highlight that in this study, different thresholds of IDR have been associated with different typologies, considering their different ductility member levels after their different structural responses. Fragility Curves (FCs) for the studied structural types are set up, developed and discussed.
In seismic risk mitigation policies, fragility functions of existing buildings play a fundamental role. In this paper, a procedure to develop analytical fragility curves for Moment Resisting Frame Reinforced Concrete buildings is presented. The design of the selected building typologies was performed according to the codes at the time of construction using force-based methods and the state of the practice at the time of construction. A total of 216 building classes were defined, considering different ages, number of storeys, infill panels, plan dimensions, beam stiffness, and concrete strength. The investigated buildings can be considered low-engineered buildings, using no seismic codes or old seismic codes. The seismic capacity of the selected models representing the existing RC buildings has been evaluated through non-linear dynamic simulations. Seismic response has been analyzed, considering various peak and integral intensity measures and various response parameters, such as ductility demands and Interstorey Drift Ratio (IDR). A new relationship among structural performance, damage levels and interstorey drift ratios for each studied type is introduced, which is calibrated using the damage levels described in EMS98. It is important to highlight that in this study, different thresholds of IDR have been associated with different typologies, considering their different ductility member levels after their different structural responses. Fragility Curves (FCs) for the studied structural types are set up, developed and discussed.
KEYWORDS
Existing RC Buildings, Building Damage Criteria, Fragility Curves, Structural Performance—Damage Levels Relationship
Existing RC Buildings, Building Damage Criteria, Fragility Curves, Structural Performance—Damage Levels Relationship
Cite this paper
Vona, M. (2014) Fragility Curves of Existing RC Buildings Based on Specific Structural Performance Levels. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 120-134. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2014.42011.
Vona, M. (2014) Fragility Curves of Existing RC Buildings Based on Specific Structural Performance Levels. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 120-134. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2014.42011.
References
[1] Vona, M., Harabaglia, P. and Murgante, B., (2013) Resilient Cities, Lesson from Recent Italian Earthquakes, Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2013 (VEESD 2013), 28-30 August 2013, Vienna, Austria. Proceedings, In: Adam, C., Heuer, R., Lenhardt, W. and Schranz, C., Eds., ISBN-Nummer, 978-3-902749-04-8. [2] Yakut, A. (2004) Reinforced Concrete Frame Construction. World Housing Encyclopedia—Summary Publication. [3] Dolce, M., Kappos, A.J., Masi, A., Penelis, G. and Vona, M. (2006) Vulnerability Assessment and Earthquake Scenarios of the Building Stock of Potenza (Southern Italy) Using the Italian and Greek Methodologies. Engineering Structures, 28, 357-371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.08.009 [4] Goretti, A., Bramerini, F., Di Pasquale, G., Dolce, M., Lagomarsino, S., Parodi, S., Iervolino, I., Verderame, G.M., Bernardini, A., Penna, A., Rota, M., Masi, A. and Vona, M. (2008) The Italian Contribution to the USGS PAGER Project. Proc. of 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, 2008. [5] Chiauzzi, L., Masi, A., Mucciarelli, M., Vona, M., Pacor, F., Cultrera, G., Gallovi?, F. and Emolo, A. (2012) Building Damage Scenarios Based on Exploitation of Housner Intensity Derived from Finite Faults Ground Motion Simulations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 10, 517-545.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9309-8 [6] Masi, A., Chiauzzi, L., Samela, C., Tosco, L. and Vona, M. (2014) Survey of Dwelling Buildings for Seismic Loss Assessment at Urban Scale, the Case Study of 18 Villages in Val d’AgrI, Italy. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, in press. [7] Borzi, B., Vona, M., Masi, A., Pinho, R. and Pola, D. (2013) Seismic Demand Estimation of RC Frame Buildings Based on Simplified and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses. Earthquakes and Structures, 4, 157-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9309-8 [8] Puglia, R., Vona, M., Klin, P., Ladina, C., Masi, A., Priolo, E. and Silvestri, F., (2013) Analysis of Site Response and Building Damage Distribution Due to the 31 October 2002 Earthquake at San Giuliano di Puglia (Italy). Earthquake Spectra, 29, 497-526.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000134 [9] Masi, A. and Vona, M., (2012) Vulnerability Assessment of Gravity-Load Designed RC Buildings, Evaluation of Seismic Capacity through Non Linear Dynamic Analyses. Engineering Structures, 45, 257-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.06.043 [10] Padgett, J.E. and DesRoches, R. (2006) Bridge Damage-Functionality Using Expert Opinion Survey. 8th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco. [11] Rossetto, T. and Elnashai, A. (2003) Derivation of Vulnerability Functions for European-Type RC Structures Based on Observational Data. Engineering Structures, 25, 1241-1263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00060-9 [12] Huang, Q., Gardoni, P. and Hurlebaus, S. (2009) Probabilistic Capacity Models and Fragility Estimates for Reinforced Concrete Columns Incorporating NDT Data. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 135, 1384-1392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2009)135:12(1384) [13] Banerjee, S. and Shinozuka, M. (2008) Experimental Veri?cation of Bridge Seismic Damage States Quanti?ed by Calibrating Analytical Models with Empirical Field Data. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 7, 383-393.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-008-1010-9 [14] Dumova-Jovanoska, E. (2000) Fragility Curves for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Skopje (Macedonia) Region. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 19, 455-466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00017-8 [15] Cornell, C.A. and Krawinkler, H. (2000) Progress and Challenges in Seismic Performance Assessment. PEER Center News, 3, 1-3. [16] Kwon, O. and Elnashai, A. (2006) The Effect of Material and Ground Motion Uncertainty on the Seismic Vulnerability Curves of RC Structure. Engineering Structures, 28, 289-303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.010 [17] Kappos, A.J., Panagopoulos, G., Panagiotopoulos, C. and Penelis, G. (2006) A Hybrid Method for the Vulnerability Assessment of R/C and URM Buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 391-413.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9023-0 [18] Lagomarsino, S. and Giovinazzi, S. (2006) Macroseismic and Mechanical Models for the Vulnerability and Damage Assessment of Current Buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 415-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9024-z [19] Polese, M., Verderame, G.M., Mariniello, C., Iervolino, I. and Manfredi, G. (2008) Vulnerability Analysis for Gravity Load Designed RC Buildings in Naples—Italy. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12, 234-245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632460802014147 [20] Erberik, M.A. (2008) Fragility-Based Assessment of Typical Mid-Rise and Low-Rise RC Buildings in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 30, 1360-1374.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.016 [21] Ramirez, C. and Miranda, E. (2009) Building-Specific Loss Estimation Methods & Tools for Simplified Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Stanford University, Report No. 171, Stanford. [22] Celik, O.C. and Ellingwood, B.R. (2009) Seismic Risk Assessment of Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Mid-America Ground Motions. Journal of Structural Engineering, 135, 414-424.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:4(414) [23] Celik, O.C. and Ellingwood, B.R. (2010) Seismic Fragilities for Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Frames—Role of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainties. Structural Safety, 32, 1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2009.04.003 [24] Kappos, A.J. and Panagopoulos, G. (2010) Fragility Curves for Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Greece. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering: Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle Design and Performance, 6, 39-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732470802663771 [25] El Howary, H.A. and Mehanny, S.S.F. (2011) Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of RC Moment Frame Buildings in Moderate Seismic Zones. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 40, 215-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1016 [26] Javanpour, M. (2012) Assessment of the Seismic Behaviour of the Reinforced Concrete Structures Based on the Probabilities, Implementing Fragility Curves. Journal of Civil Engineering and Science, 1, 59-64. [27] Shoraka, M.B., Yang, T.Y. and Elwood, K.J. (2013) Seismic Loss Estimation of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 42, 297-310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2213 [28] Spence, R. and Le Brun, B. (Guest Editors) (2006) Preface. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 319-463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9019-9 [29] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2009) FEMA P695 Recommended Methodology for Quantification of Building System Performance and Response Parameters. Project ATC-63, Prepared by the Applied Technology Council, Redwood City. [30] Masi, A., Vona, M. and Mucciarelli, M. (2011) Selection of Natural and Synthetic Accelerograms for Seismic Vulnerability Studies on RC Frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137, 367-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000209 [31] Vargas, Y.F., Pujades, L.G., Barbat, A.H. and Hurtado, J.E. (2013) Capacity, Fragility and Damage in Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Probabilistic Approach. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 2007-2032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9468-x [32] Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (2007) ASCE STANDARD ASCE/SEI 41-06. American Society of Civil Engineers. [33] Grünthal, G. (Ed.) (1998) European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98) European Seismological Commission, sub commission on Engineering Seismology, Working Group Macroseismic Scales. Conseil de l’Europe, Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Vol. 15, Luxembourg. [34] Vona, M. (2013) Use of Fragility Curves in Emergency Management and Seismic Risk Mitigation. Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2013 (VEESD 2013), Adam, C., Heuer, R., Lenhardt, W. and Schranz, C., Eds., 28-30 August 2013, Vienna. [35] Masi, A. and Vona, M. (2010) Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Fundamental Period of Undamaged and Damaged RC Framed Buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8, 643-656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9136-3 [36] Ditommaso, R., Vona, M., Gallipoli, M.R. and Mucciarelli, M. (2013) Evaluation and Considerations about Fundamental Periods of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Natural Hazard and Earth System Science, 13, 1903-1912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1903-2013 [37] Gallipoli, M.R., Mucciarelli, M. and Vona, M. (2009) Empirical Estimate of Fundamental Frequencies and Relevant Damping for Italian Building. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 38, 973-988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.878 [38] ISTAT (2011) XV Censimento Generale Della Popolazione e Delle Abitazioni 2011.
http://www.istat.it/ [39] Park, Y.J., Reinhorn, A.M. and Kunnath, S.K. (1987) IDARC, Inelastic Damage Analysis of Frame Shear-Wall Structures. Technical Report NCEER 87-0008, Buffalo. [40] Valles, R.E., Reinhorn, A.M., Kunnath, S.K., Li, C. and Madan, A. (1996) Idarc 2d Version 4.0, a Program for the Inelastic Damage Analysis of Buildings. Technical Report NCEER 96-0010, Buffalo. [41] Nanos, N. and Elenas, A. (2006) Seismic Duration Effects on the Vulnerability of Buildings. Proceedings of 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, 3-8 September 2006. [42] Buratti, N., Stafford, P. and Bommer, J. (2011) Earthquake Accelerogram Selection and Scaling Procedures for Estimating the Distribution of Drift Response. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137, 345-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000217 [43] Ambraseys, N., Smit, P., Douglas, J., Margaris, B., Sigbjornsson, R., Olafsson, S., Suhadolc, P. and Costa, G. (2004) Internet-Site for European Strong-Motion Data. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 45, 113-129. [44] Priestley, M.J.N., Calvi, G.M. and Kowalsky, M.J. (2007) Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures. IUSS Press, Pavia. [45] NTC 2008) Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. Decreto del Ministero delle infrastrutture, Supplemento Ordinario n.30 alla Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, 29, 4/02/2008, Italy. (in Italian) [46] CEN (2005) EN 1998-3-1-4 Eurocode 8, Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 3, Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings. European Committee for Standardization.
[1] Vona, M., Harabaglia, P. and Murgante, B., (2013) Resilient Cities, Lesson from Recent Italian Earthquakes, Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2013 (VEESD 2013), 28-30 August 2013, Vienna, Austria. Proceedings, In: Adam, C., Heuer, R., Lenhardt, W. and Schranz, C., Eds., ISBN-Nummer, 978-3-902749-04-8. [2] Yakut, A. (2004) Reinforced Concrete Frame Construction. World Housing Encyclopedia—Summary Publication. [3] Dolce, M., Kappos, A.J., Masi, A., Penelis, G. and Vona, M. (2006) Vulnerability Assessment and Earthquake Scenarios of the Building Stock of Potenza (Southern Italy) Using the Italian and Greek Methodologies. Engineering Structures, 28, 357-371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.08.009 [4] Goretti, A., Bramerini, F., Di Pasquale, G., Dolce, M., Lagomarsino, S., Parodi, S., Iervolino, I., Verderame, G.M., Bernardini, A., Penna, A., Rota, M., Masi, A. and Vona, M. (2008) The Italian Contribution to the USGS PAGER Project. Proc. of 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, 2008. [5] Chiauzzi, L., Masi, A., Mucciarelli, M., Vona, M., Pacor, F., Cultrera, G., Gallovi?, F. and Emolo, A. (2012) Building Damage Scenarios Based on Exploitation of Housner Intensity Derived from Finite Faults Ground Motion Simulations. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 10, 517-545.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9309-8 [6] Masi, A., Chiauzzi, L., Samela, C., Tosco, L. and Vona, M. (2014) Survey of Dwelling Buildings for Seismic Loss Assessment at Urban Scale, the Case Study of 18 Villages in Val d’AgrI, Italy. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, in press. [7] Borzi, B., Vona, M., Masi, A., Pinho, R. and Pola, D. (2013) Seismic Demand Estimation of RC Frame Buildings Based on Simplified and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses. Earthquakes and Structures, 4, 157-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9309-8 [8] Puglia, R., Vona, M., Klin, P., Ladina, C., Masi, A., Priolo, E. and Silvestri, F., (2013) Analysis of Site Response and Building Damage Distribution Due to the 31 October 2002 Earthquake at San Giuliano di Puglia (Italy). Earthquake Spectra, 29, 497-526.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000134 [9] Masi, A. and Vona, M., (2012) Vulnerability Assessment of Gravity-Load Designed RC Buildings, Evaluation of Seismic Capacity through Non Linear Dynamic Analyses. Engineering Structures, 45, 257-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.06.043 [10] Padgett, J.E. and DesRoches, R. (2006) Bridge Damage-Functionality Using Expert Opinion Survey. 8th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco. [11] Rossetto, T. and Elnashai, A. (2003) Derivation of Vulnerability Functions for European-Type RC Structures Based on Observational Data. Engineering Structures, 25, 1241-1263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00060-9 [12] Huang, Q., Gardoni, P. and Hurlebaus, S. (2009) Probabilistic Capacity Models and Fragility Estimates for Reinforced Concrete Columns Incorporating NDT Data. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 135, 1384-1392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2009)135:12(1384) [13] Banerjee, S. and Shinozuka, M. (2008) Experimental Veri?cation of Bridge Seismic Damage States Quanti?ed by Calibrating Analytical Models with Empirical Field Data. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 7, 383-393.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-008-1010-9 [14] Dumova-Jovanoska, E. (2000) Fragility Curves for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Skopje (Macedonia) Region. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 19, 455-466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00017-8 [15] Cornell, C.A. and Krawinkler, H. (2000) Progress and Challenges in Seismic Performance Assessment. PEER Center News, 3, 1-3. [16] Kwon, O. and Elnashai, A. (2006) The Effect of Material and Ground Motion Uncertainty on the Seismic Vulnerability Curves of RC Structure. Engineering Structures, 28, 289-303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.010 [17] Kappos, A.J., Panagopoulos, G., Panagiotopoulos, C. and Penelis, G. (2006) A Hybrid Method for the Vulnerability Assessment of R/C and URM Buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 391-413.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9023-0 [18] Lagomarsino, S. and Giovinazzi, S. (2006) Macroseismic and Mechanical Models for the Vulnerability and Damage Assessment of Current Buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 415-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9024-z [19] Polese, M., Verderame, G.M., Mariniello, C., Iervolino, I. and Manfredi, G. (2008) Vulnerability Analysis for Gravity Load Designed RC Buildings in Naples—Italy. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12, 234-245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632460802014147 [20] Erberik, M.A. (2008) Fragility-Based Assessment of Typical Mid-Rise and Low-Rise RC Buildings in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 30, 1360-1374.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.07.016 [21] Ramirez, C. and Miranda, E. (2009) Building-Specific Loss Estimation Methods & Tools for Simplified Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Stanford University, Report No. 171, Stanford. [22] Celik, O.C. and Ellingwood, B.R. (2009) Seismic Risk Assessment of Gravity Load Designed Reinforced Concrete Frames Subjected to Mid-America Ground Motions. Journal of Structural Engineering, 135, 414-424.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:4(414) [23] Celik, O.C. and Ellingwood, B.R. (2010) Seismic Fragilities for Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Frames—Role of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainties. Structural Safety, 32, 1-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2009.04.003 [24] Kappos, A.J. and Panagopoulos, G. (2010) Fragility Curves for Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Greece. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering: Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle Design and Performance, 6, 39-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732470802663771 [25] El Howary, H.A. and Mehanny, S.S.F. (2011) Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of RC Moment Frame Buildings in Moderate Seismic Zones. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 40, 215-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1016 [26] Javanpour, M. (2012) Assessment of the Seismic Behaviour of the Reinforced Concrete Structures Based on the Probabilities, Implementing Fragility Curves. Journal of Civil Engineering and Science, 1, 59-64. [27] Shoraka, M.B., Yang, T.Y. and Elwood, K.J. (2013) Seismic Loss Estimation of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 42, 297-310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2213 [28] Spence, R. and Le Brun, B. (Guest Editors) (2006) Preface. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4, 319-463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9019-9 [29] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2009) FEMA P695 Recommended Methodology for Quantification of Building System Performance and Response Parameters. Project ATC-63, Prepared by the Applied Technology Council, Redwood City. [30] Masi, A., Vona, M. and Mucciarelli, M. (2011) Selection of Natural and Synthetic Accelerograms for Seismic Vulnerability Studies on RC Frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137, 367-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000209 [31] Vargas, Y.F., Pujades, L.G., Barbat, A.H. and Hurtado, J.E. (2013) Capacity, Fragility and Damage in Reinforced Concrete Buildings: A Probabilistic Approach. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 2007-2032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9468-x [32] Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (2007) ASCE STANDARD ASCE/SEI 41-06. American Society of Civil Engineers. [33] Grünthal, G. (Ed.) (1998) European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98) European Seismological Commission, sub commission on Engineering Seismology, Working Group Macroseismic Scales. Conseil de l’Europe, Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Vol. 15, Luxembourg. [34] Vona, M. (2013) Use of Fragility Curves in Emergency Management and Seismic Risk Mitigation. Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2013 (VEESD 2013), Adam, C., Heuer, R., Lenhardt, W. and Schranz, C., Eds., 28-30 August 2013, Vienna. [35] Masi, A. and Vona, M. (2010) Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of the Fundamental Period of Undamaged and Damaged RC Framed Buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8, 643-656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9136-3 [36] Ditommaso, R., Vona, M., Gallipoli, M.R. and Mucciarelli, M. (2013) Evaluation and Considerations about Fundamental Periods of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Natural Hazard and Earth System Science, 13, 1903-1912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1903-2013 [37] Gallipoli, M.R., Mucciarelli, M. and Vona, M. (2009) Empirical Estimate of Fundamental Frequencies and Relevant Damping for Italian Building. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 38, 973-988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.878 [38] ISTAT (2011) XV Censimento Generale Della Popolazione e Delle Abitazioni 2011.
http://www.istat.it/ [39] Park, Y.J., Reinhorn, A.M. and Kunnath, S.K. (1987) IDARC, Inelastic Damage Analysis of Frame Shear-Wall Structures. Technical Report NCEER 87-0008, Buffalo. [40] Valles, R.E., Reinhorn, A.M., Kunnath, S.K., Li, C. and Madan, A. (1996) Idarc 2d Version 4.0, a Program for the Inelastic Damage Analysis of Buildings. Technical Report NCEER 96-0010, Buffalo. [41] Nanos, N. and Elenas, A. (2006) Seismic Duration Effects on the Vulnerability of Buildings. Proceedings of 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, 3-8 September 2006. [42] Buratti, N., Stafford, P. and Bommer, J. (2011) Earthquake Accelerogram Selection and Scaling Procedures for Estimating the Distribution of Drift Response. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137, 345-357.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000217 [43] Ambraseys, N., Smit, P., Douglas, J., Margaris, B., Sigbjornsson, R., Olafsson, S., Suhadolc, P. and Costa, G. (2004) Internet-Site for European Strong-Motion Data. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata, 45, 113-129. [44] Priestley, M.J.N., Calvi, G.M. and Kowalsky, M.J. (2007) Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures. IUSS Press, Pavia. [45] NTC 2008) Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. Decreto del Ministero delle infrastrutture, Supplemento Ordinario n.30 alla Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, 29, 4/02/2008, Italy. (in Italian) [46] CEN (2005) EN 1998-3-1-4 Eurocode 8, Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 3, Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings. European Committee for Standardization.