International Male Migration and Its Impact on Education of Children and Wives Left Behind: Evidence from Punjab Pakistan
Affiliation(s)
Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
It is observed that international migration is a growing phenomenon and has got considerable attention. It has profound effects on the source countries. In the present study, an effort has been made to identify the possible impact of migration on families left behind, with special focus on children’s education and females. Migration of labor mobility affects the education of the family members in many ways i.e. remittance enables the migrant families to spend more amount on education, many problems faced by the wives of migrant left behind regarding the education of their children and work load. In-depth interviews were conducted from the respondents for the collection of data. The preliminary findings of the study show that emigration has left deep social-economic impacts on life standards of families left behind in Gujrat.
It is observed that international migration is a growing phenomenon and has got considerable attention. It has profound effects on the source countries. In the present study, an effort has been made to identify the possible impact of migration on families left behind, with special focus on children’s education and females. Migration of labor mobility affects the education of the family members in many ways i.e. remittance enables the migrant families to spend more amount on education, many problems faced by the wives of migrant left behind regarding the education of their children and work load. In-depth interviews were conducted from the respondents for the collection of data. The preliminary findings of the study show that emigration has left deep social-economic impacts on life standards of families left behind in Gujrat.
Cite this paper
Iqbal, S. , Mozmi, R. , Iqbal, F. and Saeed, M. (2014) International Male Migration and Its Impact on Education of Children and Wives Left Behind: Evidence from Punjab Pakistan. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 464-467. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.26054.
Iqbal, S. , Mozmi, R. , Iqbal, F. and Saeed, M. (2014) International Male Migration and Its Impact on Education of Children and Wives Left Behind: Evidence from Punjab Pakistan. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 464-467. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.26054.
References
[1] Arif, G.M. (1995) International Contract Labor Migration and Reintegration of Return Migrants: The Experience of Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Cambera. [2] Badaines, J. (1976) Identification, Imitation, and Sex Role Preference in the Absence of Father Black and Chicano Boys. Journal of Psychology, 1976, 15-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1976.9921328 [3] Adam Jr., R.H. (1992) The Effect of Migration and Remittances on Inequality in Rural Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 3, 1189-1206. [4] Afsar, R. (2003) Dynamics of Poverty, Development and Population Mobility: The Bangladesh Case, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development, Bangkok, 27-29 August 2013. [5] Yang, D. (2004) International Migration, Human Capital, and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. [6] Thomas, M., Sampson, H. and Zhao, M. (2003) Finding a Balance: Companies, Sea-Fearers and Family Life. Policy and Management, 30, 59-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0308883032000051630 [7] McKenzie, D. and Rapoport, H. (2007) Network Effects and the Dynamics of Migration and Inequality: Theory and Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 84, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.003 [8] Alcaraz, C., Daniel, C. and Alejandrina, S. (2012) Remittances, Schooling, and Child Labor in Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 97, 156-165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.11.004 [9] Poirine, B. (1997) A Theory of Remittances as an Implicit Family Loan Arrangement. World Development, 25, 589-611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00121-6 [10] Shahnaz, L. and Khan, A. (1997) Impact of Male out Migration on Decision Making: A Case Study of Selected Areas of Kharrian. Paper Represented at Regional Workshop Held at Quaid Azam University from May 26 to 28. [11] Chee, M.W.L. (2003) Migrating for the Children: Taiwanese American Women in Transnational Families. Wife or Worker? Asian Women and Migration, 137-156. [12] Giannelli, G.C. and Lucia, M. (2010) Children’s Schooling and Parental Migration: Empirical Evidence on the “Left-Behind” Generation in Albania. Labor, 24, 76-92. [13] Iqbal, S., Idrees and Mohyuddin, A. (2014) Male Migration: Decision Making Autonomy and Changing Roles among Females Left Behind: A Feminist Approach. World Applied Sciences Journal, 29, 480-485.
[1] Arif, G.M. (1995) International Contract Labor Migration and Reintegration of Return Migrants: The Experience of Pakistan. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Cambera. [2] Badaines, J. (1976) Identification, Imitation, and Sex Role Preference in the Absence of Father Black and Chicano Boys. Journal of Psychology, 1976, 15-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1976.9921328 [3] Adam Jr., R.H. (1992) The Effect of Migration and Remittances on Inequality in Rural Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 3, 1189-1206. [4] Afsar, R. (2003) Dynamics of Poverty, Development and Population Mobility: The Bangladesh Case, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development, Bangkok, 27-29 August 2013. [5] Yang, D. (2004) International Migration, Human Capital, and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. [6] Thomas, M., Sampson, H. and Zhao, M. (2003) Finding a Balance: Companies, Sea-Fearers and Family Life. Policy and Management, 30, 59-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0308883032000051630 [7] McKenzie, D. and Rapoport, H. (2007) Network Effects and the Dynamics of Migration and Inequality: Theory and Evidence from Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 84, 1-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.003 [8] Alcaraz, C., Daniel, C. and Alejandrina, S. (2012) Remittances, Schooling, and Child Labor in Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 97, 156-165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.11.004 [9] Poirine, B. (1997) A Theory of Remittances as an Implicit Family Loan Arrangement. World Development, 25, 589-611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00121-6 [10] Shahnaz, L. and Khan, A. (1997) Impact of Male out Migration on Decision Making: A Case Study of Selected Areas of Kharrian. Paper Represented at Regional Workshop Held at Quaid Azam University from May 26 to 28. [11] Chee, M.W.L. (2003) Migrating for the Children: Taiwanese American Women in Transnational Families. Wife or Worker? Asian Women and Migration, 137-156. [12] Giannelli, G.C. and Lucia, M. (2010) Children’s Schooling and Parental Migration: Empirical Evidence on the “Left-Behind” Generation in Albania. Labor, 24, 76-92. [13] Iqbal, S., Idrees and Mohyuddin, A. (2014) Male Migration: Decision Making Autonomy and Changing Roles among Females Left Behind: A Feminist Approach. World Applied Sciences Journal, 29, 480-485.