Evaluation of Potential Cashew Clones for Utilization in Ghana
Author(s)
Abu Mustapha Dadzie,
Paul Kwesi Krah Adu-Gyamfi,
Stephen Yaw Opoku,
Julius Yeboah,
Abraham Akpertey,
Kwabena Opoku-Ameyaw,
Michael Assuah,
Esther Gyedu-Akoto,
Wiseborn Bismark Danquah
Affiliation(s)
Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Tafo-Akim, Ghana. Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Davis, USA.
Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Tafo-Akim, Ghana. Department of Plant Pathology University of California, Davis, USA.
ABSTRACT
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) is an important cash crop cultivated by about 3 million households in Africa and serves as the livelihood for many African farmers, especially Ghana. Despite the importance of cashew as a commodity crop with increasing cultivation in Northern Ghana, the crop is challenged with problems such as, low and variable nut yields, low kernel out turn percentage and susceptibility to insect pests as a result of establishing cashew farms with unselected seeds. In order to address the challenges, the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana established a clonal evaluation trial in Northern Ghana (dry savanna vegetation) to indentify promising clones for subsequent distribution to cashew farmers as an interim measure. The trials consisted of ten different clones planted in Randomised Completed Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Parameters evaluated were yield, yield efficiency, nut weight, percentage out turn and canopy area. Data analysis was performed with Gen Stat version 11.0 and the results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the performance of the clones in all the parameters considered. Such differences allowed the identification of promising clones over other clones tested. A few clones combined two or three traits (parameters) which were significantly different from the rest of the clones evaluated. No single clone was found to be significantly different from the rest in terms of all the parameters considered. However a greater proportion of the clones were found to produce yields far above average yields recorded by unselected cashew trees in farmers’ fields. Clones W266 and W278 seem outstanding for most of the parameters considered, though not exclusive.
Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) is an important cash crop cultivated by about 3 million households in Africa and serves as the livelihood for many African farmers, especially Ghana. Despite the importance of cashew as a commodity crop with increasing cultivation in Northern Ghana, the crop is challenged with problems such as, low and variable nut yields, low kernel out turn percentage and susceptibility to insect pests as a result of establishing cashew farms with unselected seeds. In order to address the challenges, the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana established a clonal evaluation trial in Northern Ghana (dry savanna vegetation) to indentify promising clones for subsequent distribution to cashew farmers as an interim measure. The trials consisted of ten different clones planted in Randomised Completed Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Parameters evaluated were yield, yield efficiency, nut weight, percentage out turn and canopy area. Data analysis was performed with Gen Stat version 11.0 and the results revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the performance of the clones in all the parameters considered. Such differences allowed the identification of promising clones over other clones tested. A few clones combined two or three traits (parameters) which were significantly different from the rest of the clones evaluated. No single clone was found to be significantly different from the rest in terms of all the parameters considered. However a greater proportion of the clones were found to produce yields far above average yields recorded by unselected cashew trees in farmers’ fields. Clones W266 and W278 seem outstanding for most of the parameters considered, though not exclusive.
Cite this paper
Dadzie, A. , Adu-Gyamfi, P. , Opoku, S. , Yeboah, J. , Akpertey, A. , Opoku-Ameyaw, K. , Assuah, M. , Gyedu-Akoto, E. and Danquah, W. (2014) Evaluation of Potential Cashew Clones for Utilization in Ghana. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 4, 232-239. doi: 10.4236/abc.2014.44028.
Dadzie, A. , Adu-Gyamfi, P. , Opoku, S. , Yeboah, J. , Akpertey, A. , Opoku-Ameyaw, K. , Assuah, M. , Gyedu-Akoto, E. and Danquah, W. (2014) Evaluation of Potential Cashew Clones for Utilization in Ghana. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 4, 232-239. doi: 10.4236/abc.2014.44028.
References
[1] Nakasone, H.Y. and Paul, R.E. (1998) Tropical Fruits. CAB International, Oxon, 443. [2] Aliyu, O.M. (2005) Application of Tissue Culture to Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding: An Appraisal. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4, 1485-1489. [3] Ghana Shippers Council (GSC) (2009) Cashew Exports in Ghana. [4] Topper, C.P., Caligari, P.D.S., Camara, M., Diaora S., Djaha, A., Coulibay F., Asante, A.K., Boamah, A., Ayodele, E.A. and Adebola, P.O. (2001) West African Regional Cashew Survey Report (Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Cote D’Ivore, Ghana and Nigeria). Sustainable Tree Crop Programme (STCP) and Biohybrids Agrisystem Ltd., UK, 110. [5] Dwomoh, E.A., Afun, J.V.K. and Ackonor, J.B. (2008) Survey of Insect Species Associated with Cashew (Ancardium occidentalli Linn) and Their Distribution in Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3, 205-214. [6] CDP (2000) Cashew Development Project-Ghana. Appraisal Report GHA/PAAA/2000/01, 2000. [7] Martin, P.J., Kasuga, L.J. and Bashiru, R.A. (1998) Cashew Farming Upgrading: Agronomic Options for Cashew Production by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania. Experimental Agriculture, 34, 137-152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479798002014 [8] Aliyu, O.M. (2004) Characterization and Compatibility Studies in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ilorin Nigeria, 268. [9] Opoku-Ameyaw, K., Amoah, F.M., Oppong, F.K. and Agene, V. (2007) Determination of Optimum Age for Transplanting Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Seedlings in Northern Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 296-299. [10] Dadzie, M.A, Adu Gyamfi, P.K., Opoku-Ameyaw, K., Yeboah, J. and Dwumoh, E.A. (2012) Cashew Germplasm Collection, Conservation, Characterization and Utilization. CRIG Progress Report 2011-2012 and Work Plan 2012-2013, 331-334. [11] Osei-Amaning, E. (1996) Managing of Vitellaraia paradoxa in Ghana. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Wales, Bangor, 203. [12] FAO-UNESCO (1977) Soil Maps of the World: 1:50,000,000 Africa 6. UNESCO, Paris, 299. [13] Masawe, P.A.L. (1994) Aspect of Breeding and Selecting Improved Cashew Genotypes (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Reading, UK. [14] Azevedo, D.M.P., Crisóstomo, J.R., Almeida, F.C.G. and Rossetti, A.G. (1998) Estimates of Genetic Correlations and Correlated Responses to Selection in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Genetics and Molecular Biology (Online) 21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571998000300019 [15] Aliyu, O.M. (2006). Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Silvae Genetica, 55, 19-25. [16] Masawe, P.A.L., Nfune, S. and Mbunda, Z. (2005) Performance of Cashew Hybrids Developed from Partial Dialed Crossing between Selected Clones in Tanzania. Tanzania Agricultural Research & Training Newsletter, 20, 1-4. [17] Eijnatten, C.L.M. and Abubaker, A.S. (1983) New Cultivation Techniques for Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31, 13-25. [18] Nair, R.B. and Prabhakaran, P.V. (1983) Optimum Size and Shape of Plots in Field Experiments with Cashew. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala, 21, 27-34. [19] Neto, V. (1992) Yield Variability of Cashew Trees in East Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Reading, UK. [20] Mead, R. and Martin, A. (1992) Draft Report on Farmer Participation Research, On-Farm Research and Cashew Research. Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Mtwara, Tanzania. [21] Cashew Week, 2006 (A product CommodityIndia.com). Vietnam Cashew Industry-Special Coverage, 5-6. [22] Foltan, H. and Lüdders, P. (1995) Flowering, Fruit Set and Genotype Compatibility in Cashew. Angewandte Botanik., 69, 215-220. [23] Masawe, P.A.L., Cundall, E.P. and Caligari, P.D.S. (1998) Performance in South-Eastern Tanzania of Local Cashew Germplasm and Selected Clones. Proceeding of the International Cashew and Coconut Conference, 17-21 February 1997, Dar es Salam, Tanzania. BioHybrids International Ltd., Reading, UK, 146-150. [24] Samal, S., Rout, G.R. and Lenka, P.C. (2003) Analysis of Genetic Relationship between Populations of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) by Using Morphological Characterization and RAPD Markers. Plant Soil Environ, 49, 176-182. [25] Chaikiattiyos, S. (1985) Integrated Production Practices of Cashew in Thailand. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 153. [26] Thau-Yin, P.J. and Lockwood, G. (2008) A Re-Interpretation of Hybrid Vigour in Cocoa. Experimental Agriculture, 44, 329-338.
[1] Nakasone, H.Y. and Paul, R.E. (1998) Tropical Fruits. CAB International, Oxon, 443. [2] Aliyu, O.M. (2005) Application of Tissue Culture to Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding: An Appraisal. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4, 1485-1489. [3] Ghana Shippers Council (GSC) (2009) Cashew Exports in Ghana. [4] Topper, C.P., Caligari, P.D.S., Camara, M., Diaora S., Djaha, A., Coulibay F., Asante, A.K., Boamah, A., Ayodele, E.A. and Adebola, P.O. (2001) West African Regional Cashew Survey Report (Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Cote D’Ivore, Ghana and Nigeria). Sustainable Tree Crop Programme (STCP) and Biohybrids Agrisystem Ltd., UK, 110. [5] Dwomoh, E.A., Afun, J.V.K. and Ackonor, J.B. (2008) Survey of Insect Species Associated with Cashew (Ancardium occidentalli Linn) and Their Distribution in Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3, 205-214. [6] CDP (2000) Cashew Development Project-Ghana. Appraisal Report GHA/PAAA/2000/01, 2000. [7] Martin, P.J., Kasuga, L.J. and Bashiru, R.A. (1998) Cashew Farming Upgrading: Agronomic Options for Cashew Production by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania. Experimental Agriculture, 34, 137-152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0014479798002014 [8] Aliyu, O.M. (2004) Characterization and Compatibility Studies in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ilorin Nigeria, 268. [9] Opoku-Ameyaw, K., Amoah, F.M., Oppong, F.K. and Agene, V. (2007) Determination of Optimum Age for Transplanting Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Seedlings in Northern Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 296-299. [10] Dadzie, M.A, Adu Gyamfi, P.K., Opoku-Ameyaw, K., Yeboah, J. and Dwumoh, E.A. (2012) Cashew Germplasm Collection, Conservation, Characterization and Utilization. CRIG Progress Report 2011-2012 and Work Plan 2012-2013, 331-334. [11] Osei-Amaning, E. (1996) Managing of Vitellaraia paradoxa in Ghana. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Wales, Bangor, 203. [12] FAO-UNESCO (1977) Soil Maps of the World: 1:50,000,000 Africa 6. UNESCO, Paris, 299. [13] Masawe, P.A.L. (1994) Aspect of Breeding and Selecting Improved Cashew Genotypes (Anacardium occidentale L.). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Reading, UK. [14] Azevedo, D.M.P., Crisóstomo, J.R., Almeida, F.C.G. and Rossetti, A.G. (1998) Estimates of Genetic Correlations and Correlated Responses to Selection in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Genetics and Molecular Biology (Online) 21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571998000300019 [15] Aliyu, O.M. (2006). Phenotypic Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Silvae Genetica, 55, 19-25. [16] Masawe, P.A.L., Nfune, S. and Mbunda, Z. (2005) Performance of Cashew Hybrids Developed from Partial Dialed Crossing between Selected Clones in Tanzania. Tanzania Agricultural Research & Training Newsletter, 20, 1-4. [17] Eijnatten, C.L.M. and Abubaker, A.S. (1983) New Cultivation Techniques for Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 31, 13-25. [18] Nair, R.B. and Prabhakaran, P.V. (1983) Optimum Size and Shape of Plots in Field Experiments with Cashew. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala, 21, 27-34. [19] Neto, V. (1992) Yield Variability of Cashew Trees in East Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Reading, UK. [20] Mead, R. and Martin, A. (1992) Draft Report on Farmer Participation Research, On-Farm Research and Cashew Research. Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, Mtwara, Tanzania. [21] Cashew Week, 2006 (A product CommodityIndia.com). Vietnam Cashew Industry-Special Coverage, 5-6. [22] Foltan, H. and Lüdders, P. (1995) Flowering, Fruit Set and Genotype Compatibility in Cashew. Angewandte Botanik., 69, 215-220. [23] Masawe, P.A.L., Cundall, E.P. and Caligari, P.D.S. (1998) Performance in South-Eastern Tanzania of Local Cashew Germplasm and Selected Clones. Proceeding of the International Cashew and Coconut Conference, 17-21 February 1997, Dar es Salam, Tanzania. BioHybrids International Ltd., Reading, UK, 146-150. [24] Samal, S., Rout, G.R. and Lenka, P.C. (2003) Analysis of Genetic Relationship between Populations of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) by Using Morphological Characterization and RAPD Markers. Plant Soil Environ, 49, 176-182. [25] Chaikiattiyos, S. (1985) Integrated Production Practices of Cashew in Thailand. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 153. [26] Thau-Yin, P.J. and Lockwood, G. (2008) A Re-Interpretation of Hybrid Vigour in Cocoa. Experimental Agriculture, 44, 329-338.