This study investigated the effectiveness of aluminum modified diatomite in removing lead from aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified absorbents. Effects of several variables like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and the reaction temperature on lead sorption were also investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the equilibrium data. Values of △H, △G and △S illustrated that the adsorption of lead is an endothermic process of nature. Comparing with the natural diatomite, the adsorption efficiency for the lead ions increased from 12.06% to 61.36% which indicated that aluminum modified diatomite can be used as a potential absorbent for lead ions.
[1] Fan, Q.H., Li, Z., Zhao, H.G., Jia, Z.H., Xu, J.Z. and Wu, W.S. (2009) Sorption of Pb(II) on Palygorskite from Aqueous Solution: Effects of pH, Ionic Strength and Temperature. Applied Clay Science, 45, 111-116.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.04.009
[2] Zha, F., Huang, W.Y., Wang, J.Y., Chang, Y., Ding, J. and Ma, J. (2013) Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Arsenate Adsorption on Aluminum Oxide Modified Palygorskitenano-Composites. Chemical Engineering Journal, 215-216, 579-585.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.068
[3] Irania, M., Amjadib, M. and Mousavian, M.A. (2011) Comparative Study of Lead Sorption onto Natural Perlite, Dolomite and Diatomite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 178, 317-323.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.011
[4] Razo, I., Carrizales, L., Castro, J., et al. (2004) Arsenic and Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil, Water and Sediments in a Semi-Arid Climate Mining Area in Mexico. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 152, 129-152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000015350.14520.c1
[5] Lin, S.H., Lai, S.L. and Leu, H.G. (2000) Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution by Chelating Resin in a Multistage Adsorption Process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 76, 139-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00207-7
[6] Wang, Y.H., Lan, Y. and Hu, Y.H. (2008) Adsorption mechanisms of Cr(VI) on the modified bauxite tailings. Minerals Engineering, 21, 913-917.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2008.04.003
[7] Sheng, G.D., Wang, S.W., Hu, J., Lu, Y., Li, J.X., Dong, Y.H. and Wang, X.K. (2009) Adsorption of Pb(II) on Diatomite as Affected via Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Temperature. Colloids and Surfaces A, 339, 159-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.016
[8] Eren, E., Afsin, B. and Onal, Y. (2009) Removal of Lead Ions by Acid Activated and Manganese Oxide-Coated Bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161, 677-685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.020
[9] Deng, Y.H., Gao, Z.Q., Liu, B.Z., Hu, X.B., Wei, Z.B. and Sun, C. (2013) Selective Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solutions by Ethylenediamine-Modified Attapulgite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 223, 91-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.020
[10] Chen, H. and Wang, A.Q. (2007) Kinetic and Isothermal Studies of Lead Ion Adsorption onto Palygorskite Clay. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 307, 309-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.10.054
[11] Liang, X.F., Xu, Y.M., Wang, L., Sun, Y.B., Lin, D.S., Sun, Y., Qin, X. and Wan, Q. (2013) Sorption of Pb2+ on mercapto functionalized sepiolite. Chemosphere, 90, 548-555.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.027
[12] Jia, Y.X., Han, W., Xiong, G.X. and Yang, W.S. (2008) Layer-by-Layer Assembly of TiO2 Colloids onto Diatomite to Build Hierarchical Porous Materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 323, 326-331.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.04.020
[13] Al-Ghouti, M.A., Khraisheh, M.A.M., Allen, S.J. and Ahmad, M.N. (2003) The Removal of Dyes from Textile Wastewater: A Study of the Physical Characteristics and Adsorption Mechanisms of Diatomaceous Earth. Journal of Environmental Management, 69, 229-238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.09.005
[14] Al-Degs, Y., Khraisheh, M.A.M. and Tutunji, M.F. (2001) Sorption of Lead Ions on Diatomite and Manganese Oxides Modified Diatomite. Water Research, 15, 3724-3728.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00071-9
[15] M.A.M. Khraisheh, Y.S. Al-degs, W.A.M. Mcminn, (2004) Remediation of Wastewater Containing Heavy Metals Using Raw and Modified Diatomite. Chemical Engineering Journal, 99, 177-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2003.11.029
[16] Li, X.W., Li, X.X. and Wang, G.C. (2007) Surface Modification of Diatomite Using Polyaniline. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 102, 140-143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2006.11.014
[17] Apte, S.K., Naik, S.D., Sonawane, R.S., Kalew, B.B. and Baeg, J.O. (2007) Synthesis of Nanosize-Necked Structure α- and γ-Fe2O3 and Its Photocatalytic Activity. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 90, 412-414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01424.x
[18] Wu, G.M., Lu, H.Y., Wang, J., Shen, J., Zhou, B., Zhang, Q.Y. and Deng, Z.S. (2002) Ambient Pressure Preparation and Strengthening of Silica Aerogel Films. Acta Physica Sinica, 51, 104.
[19] Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., Liu, S. and Xu, Z. (2011) Development of Al2O3 Film on Diatomite for Treating Wastewater Containing Anionic Polyacrylamide. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 34, 2016-2021.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201100307
[20] Huang, J.H., Liu, Y.F. and Wang, X.G. (2008) Selective Sorption of Tannin from Flavonoids by Organically Modified Attapulgite Clay. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 160, 382-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.008
[21] Zhao, D.L., Chen, C.L., et al. (2011) Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Retention Behaviour of Pb(II) by Hematite. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 86, 1099-1106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2623
[22] Chen, N., Zhang, Z.Y., Feng, C.P., Li, M., Zhu, D.R. and Sugiura, N. (2011) Studies on Fluoride Adsorption of Iron-Impregnated Granular Ceramics from Aqueous Solution. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 125, 293-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.09.037
[23] Chen, C.L. and Wang, X.K. (2006) Adsorption of Ni(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Oxidized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45, 9144-9149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie060791z
[24] Khan, A.A. and Singh, R.P. (1987) Adsorption Thermodynamics of Carbofuran on Sn (IV) Arsenosicicate in H+, Na+ and Ca2+ Forms. Colloids and Surfaces, 24, 33-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(87)80259-7
[25] Pahlavanzadeh, H., Keshtkar, A.R., Safdari, J. and Abadi, Z. (2010) Biosorption of Nickel(II) from Aqueous Solution by Brown Algae: Equilibrium, Dynamic and Thermodynamic Studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175, 304-310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.004
[26] Pokhrel, D. and Viraraghavan, T. (2008) Arsenic Removal from an Aqueous Solution by Modified A. niger Biomass: Batch Kinetic and Isotherm Studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150, 818-825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.041
[27] Dogan, M., Alkan, M., Turkyilmaz, A. and Ozdemir, Y. (2004) Kinetics and Mechanism of Removal of Methylene Blue by Adsorption onto Perlite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109, 141-148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.03.003