Blastomyces dermatitidis Antibody Responses in Serial Serum Specimens from Dogs with Blastomycosis: Comparison of Different Yeast Lysate Antigens
ABSTRACT
The systemic fungal organism, Blastomyces dermatitidis causes blastomycosis in animals and hu-mans. This study was designed to evaluate antibody detection in 55 serial serum specimens from 9 dogs with blastomycosis using B. dermatitidis yeast lysate antigens produced from two human isolates (B5896; B5931) and two dog isolates (ERC-2; T-58) with the indirect enzyme linked im-munosorbent assay (ELISA; peroxidase system) to determine an optimal lysate antigen(s) for use in the ELISA to detect antibody in the dog serum specimens. The mean absorbance values when the lysate antigens were compared with respect to their ability to detect antibody in the day 0 sera from the 9 dogs were 1.024 (ERC-2), 1.351 (B5896), 1.700 (B5931) and 2.084 (T-58) respectively. All of the reagents exhibited a high level of sensitivity and in all instances the amount of antibody declined as the time interval post-treatment increased, but the T-58 lysate prepared from the dog isolate from Tennessee was the optimal reagent. We continue to evaluate antigens for B. derma-titidis antibody detection in different immunodiagnostic assays.
The systemic fungal organism, Blastomyces dermatitidis causes blastomycosis in animals and hu-mans. This study was designed to evaluate antibody detection in 55 serial serum specimens from 9 dogs with blastomycosis using B. dermatitidis yeast lysate antigens produced from two human isolates (B5896; B5931) and two dog isolates (ERC-2; T-58) with the indirect enzyme linked im-munosorbent assay (ELISA; peroxidase system) to determine an optimal lysate antigen(s) for use in the ELISA to detect antibody in the dog serum specimens. The mean absorbance values when the lysate antigens were compared with respect to their ability to detect antibody in the day 0 sera from the 9 dogs were 1.024 (ERC-2), 1.351 (B5896), 1.700 (B5931) and 2.084 (T-58) respectively. All of the reagents exhibited a high level of sensitivity and in all instances the amount of antibody declined as the time interval post-treatment increased, but the T-58 lysate prepared from the dog isolate from Tennessee was the optimal reagent. We continue to evaluate antigens for B. derma-titidis antibody detection in different immunodiagnostic assays.
Cite this paper
Shepherd, M. , Lutes, M. and Scalarone, G. (2014) Blastomyces dermatitidis Antibody Responses in Serial Serum Specimens from Dogs with Blastomycosis: Comparison of Different Yeast Lysate Antigens. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2, 67-73. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2014.22011.
Shepherd, M. , Lutes, M. and Scalarone, G. (2014) Blastomyces dermatitidis Antibody Responses in Serial Serum Specimens from Dogs with Blastomycosis: Comparison of Different Yeast Lysate Antigens. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2, 67-73. doi: 10.4236/jbm.2014.22011.
References
[1] DiSalvo, A.F. (1998) Blastomycosis in Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 9th Edition, Arnold Publishers, London, 337-355. [2] Pfaller, M.A. and Diekema, D.J. (2010) Epidemiology of Invasive Mycoses in North America. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 36, 1-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408410903241444 [3] Klein, B.S., et al. (1986) Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis in Soil Associated with a Larger Outbreak of Blastomycosis in Wisconsin. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 155, 262-268.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/155.2.262 [4] Bradsher, R.W., Chapman, S.W. and Pappas, P.G. (2003) Blastomycosis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 17, 21-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00038-7 [5] Bariola, J.R. and Vyas, K.S. (2011) Pulmonary Blastomycosis. Seminars in Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 32, 745-753.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1295722 [6] Saccente, M. and Woods, G.L. (2010) Clinical and Laboratory Update on Blastomycosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23, 367-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00056-09 [7] McKinnell, J.A. and Pappas, P.G. (2009) Blastomycosis. New Insights into Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Clinical Chest Medicine, 30, 227-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2009.02.003 [8] Smith, J.A. and Kauffman, C.A. (2012) Pulmonary Fungal Infections. Respirology, 17, 913-926.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02150.x [9] Smith, J.A. and Kauffman, C.A. (2010) Blastomycosis. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 7, 173-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.200906-040AL [10] Spector, D., et al. (2008) Antigen and Antibody Testing for the Diagnosis of Blastomycosis in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22, 839-843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0107.x [11] B.S. Klein, B.S., et al. (2000) Canine Antibody Response to Blastomyces dermatitidis WI-1 Antigen. American Review of Veterinary Research, 61, 554-558.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.554 [12] Vyas, K.S., Bariola, J.R. and Bradsher, R.W. (2008) Advances in the Serodiagnosis of Blastomycosis. Current Fungal Infection Reports, 2, 227-231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12281-008-0033-z [13] Johnson, S.M. and Scalarone, G.M. (1989) Preparation and ELISA Evaluation of Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Phase Lysate Antigens. Diagostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11, 81-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(88)90076-4 [14] Sestero, C.M. and Scalarone, G.M. (2006) Detection of IgG and IgM in Sera from Canines with Blastomycosis Using Eight Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Phase Lysate Antigens. Mycopathologia, 162, 33-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-006-0028-7 [15] Hatch, W.O. and Scalarone, G.M. (2009) Comparison of Colorimetric and Chemiluminescent ELISAs for the Detection of Antibodies to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 3, 1-6. [16] VanDyke, J.L., et al. (2013) Detection of Antibodies in Serum Specimens from Dogs with Blastomycosis with Lysate Antigens Prepared from Four Blastomyces dermatitidis Dog Isolates. Individual Antigens VS Antigen Combinations. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3, 237-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2013.34037 [17] Allison, T.R., Wright, J.C. and Scalarone, G.M. (2013) Blastomyces dermatitidis. Stability Studies on Different Yeast Lysate Antigens. Open Journal of Immunology, 3, 98-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oji.2013.33014 [18] Wright, J.C., Harrild, T.E. and Scalarone, G.M. (2012) The Use of Isoelectric Focusing Fractions of Blastomyces dermatitidis for Antibody Detection in Serum Specimens from Rabbits Immunized with Yeast Lysate Antigens. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2, 237-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2012.24038 [19] Boyd, A.R., VanDyke, J.L. and Scalarone, G.M. (2013) Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Lysate Antigen Combinations: Antibody Detection in Dogs with Blastomycosis. Veterinary Medicine International, 4, Article ID: 940126. [20] Levine, H.B., Scalarone, G.M. and Chaparas, S.D. (1977) Preparation of Fungal Antigens and Vaccines: Studies on Coccidioides Immitis and Histoplasma Capsulatum. Contributions to Microbiology and Immunology, 3, 106-125. [21] Levine, H.B., et al. (1979) Histoplasmin-CYL, A Yeast Phase Reagent in Skin Test Studies in Humans. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 119, 629-636. [22] Scalarone, G.M., Levine, H.B. and Chaparas, S.D. (1978) Delayed Hypersensitivity Responses of Experimental Animals to Histoplasmin from the Yeast and Mycelial Phases of Histoplasma Capsulatum. Infection and Immunity, 21, 705-713.
[1] DiSalvo, A.F. (1998) Blastomycosis in Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 9th Edition, Arnold Publishers, London, 337-355. [2] Pfaller, M.A. and Diekema, D.J. (2010) Epidemiology of Invasive Mycoses in North America. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 36, 1-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408410903241444 [3] Klein, B.S., et al. (1986) Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis in Soil Associated with a Larger Outbreak of Blastomycosis in Wisconsin. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 155, 262-268.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/155.2.262 [4] Bradsher, R.W., Chapman, S.W. and Pappas, P.G. (2003) Blastomycosis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 17, 21-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5520(02)00038-7 [5] Bariola, J.R. and Vyas, K.S. (2011) Pulmonary Blastomycosis. Seminars in Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, 32, 745-753.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1295722 [6] Saccente, M. and Woods, G.L. (2010) Clinical and Laboratory Update on Blastomycosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 23, 367-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00056-09 [7] McKinnell, J.A. and Pappas, P.G. (2009) Blastomycosis. New Insights into Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Clinical Chest Medicine, 30, 227-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2009.02.003 [8] Smith, J.A. and Kauffman, C.A. (2012) Pulmonary Fungal Infections. Respirology, 17, 913-926.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02150.x [9] Smith, J.A. and Kauffman, C.A. (2010) Blastomycosis. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 7, 173-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.200906-040AL [10] Spector, D., et al. (2008) Antigen and Antibody Testing for the Diagnosis of Blastomycosis in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 22, 839-843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0107.x [11] B.S. Klein, B.S., et al. (2000) Canine Antibody Response to Blastomyces dermatitidis WI-1 Antigen. American Review of Veterinary Research, 61, 554-558.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.554 [12] Vyas, K.S., Bariola, J.R. and Bradsher, R.W. (2008) Advances in the Serodiagnosis of Blastomycosis. Current Fungal Infection Reports, 2, 227-231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12281-008-0033-z [13] Johnson, S.M. and Scalarone, G.M. (1989) Preparation and ELISA Evaluation of Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Phase Lysate Antigens. Diagostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11, 81-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0732-8893(88)90076-4 [14] Sestero, C.M. and Scalarone, G.M. (2006) Detection of IgG and IgM in Sera from Canines with Blastomycosis Using Eight Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Phase Lysate Antigens. Mycopathologia, 162, 33-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-006-0028-7 [15] Hatch, W.O. and Scalarone, G.M. (2009) Comparison of Colorimetric and Chemiluminescent ELISAs for the Detection of Antibodies to Blastomyces dermatitidis. Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences, 3, 1-6. [16] VanDyke, J.L., et al. (2013) Detection of Antibodies in Serum Specimens from Dogs with Blastomycosis with Lysate Antigens Prepared from Four Blastomyces dermatitidis Dog Isolates. Individual Antigens VS Antigen Combinations. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 3, 237-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2013.34037 [17] Allison, T.R., Wright, J.C. and Scalarone, G.M. (2013) Blastomyces dermatitidis. Stability Studies on Different Yeast Lysate Antigens. Open Journal of Immunology, 3, 98-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oji.2013.33014 [18] Wright, J.C., Harrild, T.E. and Scalarone, G.M. (2012) The Use of Isoelectric Focusing Fractions of Blastomyces dermatitidis for Antibody Detection in Serum Specimens from Rabbits Immunized with Yeast Lysate Antigens. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2, 237-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2012.24038 [19] Boyd, A.R., VanDyke, J.L. and Scalarone, G.M. (2013) Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Lysate Antigen Combinations: Antibody Detection in Dogs with Blastomycosis. Veterinary Medicine International, 4, Article ID: 940126. [20] Levine, H.B., Scalarone, G.M. and Chaparas, S.D. (1977) Preparation of Fungal Antigens and Vaccines: Studies on Coccidioides Immitis and Histoplasma Capsulatum. Contributions to Microbiology and Immunology, 3, 106-125. [21] Levine, H.B., et al. (1979) Histoplasmin-CYL, A Yeast Phase Reagent in Skin Test Studies in Humans. American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 119, 629-636. [22] Scalarone, G.M., Levine, H.B. and Chaparas, S.D. (1978) Delayed Hypersensitivity Responses of Experimental Animals to Histoplasmin from the Yeast and Mycelial Phases of Histoplasma Capsulatum. Infection and Immunity, 21, 705-713.