Synthesis of Ti3SiC2-Bicarbide Based Ceramic by Electro-Thermal Explosion
Affiliation(s)
1Physic Department, Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria 2Laboratory Environmentally Security and Alimentary (LASEA), Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria. Physic Department, Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
1Physic Department, Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria 2Laboratory Environmentally Security and Alimentary (LASEA), Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria. Physic Department, Badji-Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria.
ABSTRACT
A polycrystalline dense Ti3SiC2 based ceramic material has been produced by several techniques. The effect of addition of TiC and SiC is also studied. The Ti3SiC2 material shows extraordinary electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. Furthermore, it shows a damage tolerance capability and oxidation resistance. In this work, we have synthesized Ti3SiC2 by electro-thermal explosion chemical reaction (ETE) with high current density (900 Amperes/a.u) followed by uniaxial pressure. The structural properties of the as-prepared materials are studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. The chemical cartography, imaging and electronic properties are investigated using Ultra-STEM and electron high energy loss resolution spectroscopy (EELS) techniques, respectively. The surface of Ti3SiC2 is characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High resolution C 1s, Si 2p, Ti 2p, Ti 3s core level spectra are explained in terms of crystallographic and electronic structure. Valence band spectrum is performed to confirm the validity of the theoretical calculations.
KEYWORDS
Ti3SiC2 Based Ceramic, Intermetallic, Bicarbide, Electro-Thermal Explosion Reaction (ETE), Valence Band Spectra, Core Level Excitation
Ti3SiC2 Based Ceramic, Intermetallic, Bicarbide, Electro-Thermal Explosion Reaction (ETE), Valence Band Spectra, Core Level Excitation
Cite this paper
Chakri, N. , Habes, Z. , Toubal, A. and Bendjemil, B. (2014) Synthesis of Ti3SiC2-Bicarbide Based Ceramic by Electro-Thermal Explosion. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 4, 242-249. doi: 10.4236/aces.2014.42027.
Chakri, N. , Habes, Z. , Toubal, A. and Bendjemil, B. (2014) Synthesis of Ti3SiC2-Bicarbide Based Ceramic by Electro-Thermal Explosion. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 4, 242-249. doi: 10.4236/aces.2014.42027.
References
[1] Barsoum, M.W. and El-Raghy, T. (1996) Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Ceramic: Ti3SiC2, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 79, 1996, 1953-1956.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08018.x [2] El-Raghy, T., Zavaliangos, A., Barsoum, M.W. and Kalidinidi, S. (1997) Damage Mechanisms around Hardness Indentations in Ti3SiC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 80, 1997, 513-520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02861.x [3] Barsoum, M.W., El-Raghy, T. and Ogbuji, L. (1997) Oxidation of Ti3SiC2 in Air. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144, 1997, 2508-2516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837846 [4] Barsoum, M.W. and El-Raghy, T. (1997) Diffusion Kinetics of the Carburization and Silicidation of Ti3SiC2. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 5, 1997, 197-216. [5] El-Raghy, T. and Barsoum, M.W. (1998) Diffusion Kinetics of the Carburization and Silicidation of Ti3SiC2. Journal of Applied Physics, 83, 1998, 112-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366707 [6] Kisi, E.H., Crossley, J.A.A., Myhra, S. and Barsoum, M.W. (1998) Structure and Crystal Chemistry of Ti3SiC2. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 59, 1437-1443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(98)00226-1 [7] Low, I.M., Lee, S.K., Lawn, B. and Barsoum, M.W. (1998) Contact Damage Accumulation in Ti3SiC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81, 1998, 225-231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02320.x [8] Farber, L., Barsoum, M.W., Zavaliangos, A. and Levin, I. (1998) Dislocations and Stacking Faults in Ti3SiC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81, 1998, 1677-1681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02532.x [9] Jeitschko, W. and Nowotny, H. (1967) Die Kristallstruktur von Ti3SiC2 ein Neuer Komplexcarbid-Typ. Monatshefte für Chemie/Chemical Monthly, 98, 329-337. [10] Panczyk, J., Niemyski, T., Vinogradov, L. and Sinelnikova, V. (2000) Production of Ti3SiC2 Material. Applied Physics Letters, 76, 1972-1976. [11] Goto, T. and Hirai, T. (1987) chemically-Vapor Deposited Ti3SiC. Materials Research Bulletin, 22, 1195-1201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(87)90128-0 [12] Pampuch, R., Lis, J., Piekarczyk, J. and Stobierski, L. (1993) Ti3SiC2-Based Materials Produced by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis and Ceramic Processing. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 1, 93-100. [13] Onodera, A., Hirano, H., Yuasa, T., Guo, N.F. and Miyamoto, Y. (1999) Static compression of Ti3SiC2 to 61 GPa. Applied Physics Letters, 74, 3782-3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124178 [14] Takitani, Y., Matuki, T., Li, J.-F. and Watanabe, R. (2003) Evaluation of Ti3SiC2 Prepared by Mechanical Alloying. Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 50, 880-884. [15] Wills, J.M., Eriksson, O., Wills, J.M. and Cooper, B.R. (1987) Synthesis of Band and Model Hamiltonian Theory for Hybridizing Cerium Systems. Physical Review B, 36, 3809-3823.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.3809 [16] Andersen, O.K. (1975) Linear Methods in Band Theory. Physical Review B, 12, 3060-3083.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.12.3060 [17] Skriver, H.L. (1984) The LMTO Method. Springer, Berlin. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81844-8 [18] Chadi, D.J. and Cohen, M.L. (1973) Special Points in the Brillouin Zone. Physical Review B, 8, 5747-5753.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.8.5747 [19] Pearson, W.B. (1972) The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and Alloys. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 502-518. [20] Chang, R. and Graham, L.J. (1966) Low-Temperature Elastic Properties of ZrC and TiC. Journal of Applied Physics, 37, 3778-3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1707923 [21] Ahuja, R., Eriksson, O., Wills, J.M. and Johansson, B. (1996) Structural, Elastic, and High-Pressure Properties of Cubic TiC, TiN, and TiO. Physical Review B, 53, 3072-3087.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.53.3072 [22] Lis, J., Pampuch, R. and Stobierski, L. (1992) Reactions during SHS in a Ti-Si-C System. This International Journal Encompasses Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, 1, 401-408. [23] Jin, S.Z., Liang, B.Y., Li, J.F. and Ren, L.Q. (2007) Effect of Al Addition on Phase Purity of Ti3Si(Al)C2 Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 182, 445-449.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.09.001 [24] Zhang, Z.F., Sun, Z.M., Hashimoto, H. and Abe, T. (2003) Fabrication and Microstructure Characterization of Ti3SiC2 Synthesized from Ti/Si/2TiC Powders Using the Pulse Discharge Sintering (PDS) Technique. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 86, 431-436.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03317.x [25] Liang, B.Y., Wang, M.Z., Sun, J.F., Li, X.P., Zhao, Y.C. and Han, X. (2009) Synthesis of Ti SiC in Air Using Mechanically Activated 3Ti/Si/2C Powder. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 474, L18-L21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.147 [26] Yeh, C.L. and Shen, Y.G. (2008) Effects of SiC Addition on Formation of Ti3SiC2 by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 461, 654-660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.07.088 [27] Zakeri, M., Rahimipour, M.R. and Khanmohammadian, A. (2008) Effect of the Starting Materials on the Reaction Synthesis of Ti3SiC2. Ceramics International, 35, 1553-1557.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.08.011 [28] Liang, B.Y., Jin, S.Z. and Wang, M.Z. (2008) Low-Temperature Fabrication of High Purity Ti3SiC2. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 460, 440-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.05.074 [29] Meng, F.L., Chaffron, L. and Zhou, Y.C. (2009) Synthesis of Ti3SiC2 by High Energy Ball Milling and Reactive Sintering from Ti, Si, and C Elements. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 386-388, 647-649. [30] Abu, M.J., Mohamed, J.J. and Ahmad, Z.A. (2012) Effect of Excess Silicon on the Formation of Ti3SiC2 Using Free Ti/Si/C Powders Synthesized via Arc Melting. International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Ceramics, 2012, Article ID: 341285, 10 Pages. [31] El Saeed, M.A., Deorsola, F.A. and Rashad, R.M. (2012) Optimization of the Ti3SiC2 MAX Phase Synthesis. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 35, 127-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.05.001 [32] Briggs, D. and Beamson, G. (1992) Primary and Secondary Oxygen-Induced C1s Binding Energy Shifts in X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Polymers. Analytical Chemistry, 64, 1729-1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00039a018 [33] Chakri, N.E., Bendjemil, B. and Baricco, M. (2013) The Mechanical Properties of the System and Training Zr59Nb5Cu18Ni8AL10 Bulk Metallic Glasses. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 3, 274-277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aces.2013.34034
[1] Barsoum, M.W. and El-Raghy, T. (1996) Synthesis and Characterization of a Remarkable Ceramic: Ti3SiC2, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 79, 1996, 1953-1956.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08018.x [2] El-Raghy, T., Zavaliangos, A., Barsoum, M.W. and Kalidinidi, S. (1997) Damage Mechanisms around Hardness Indentations in Ti3SiC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 80, 1997, 513-520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02861.x [3] Barsoum, M.W., El-Raghy, T. and Ogbuji, L. (1997) Oxidation of Ti3SiC2 in Air. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 144, 1997, 2508-2516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1837846 [4] Barsoum, M.W. and El-Raghy, T. (1997) Diffusion Kinetics of the Carburization and Silicidation of Ti3SiC2. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 5, 1997, 197-216. [5] El-Raghy, T. and Barsoum, M.W. (1998) Diffusion Kinetics of the Carburization and Silicidation of Ti3SiC2. Journal of Applied Physics, 83, 1998, 112-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366707 [6] Kisi, E.H., Crossley, J.A.A., Myhra, S. and Barsoum, M.W. (1998) Structure and Crystal Chemistry of Ti3SiC2. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 59, 1437-1443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(98)00226-1 [7] Low, I.M., Lee, S.K., Lawn, B. and Barsoum, M.W. (1998) Contact Damage Accumulation in Ti3SiC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81, 1998, 225-231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02320.x [8] Farber, L., Barsoum, M.W., Zavaliangos, A. and Levin, I. (1998) Dislocations and Stacking Faults in Ti3SiC2. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81, 1998, 1677-1681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02532.x [9] Jeitschko, W. and Nowotny, H. (1967) Die Kristallstruktur von Ti3SiC2 ein Neuer Komplexcarbid-Typ. Monatshefte für Chemie/Chemical Monthly, 98, 329-337. [10] Panczyk, J., Niemyski, T., Vinogradov, L. and Sinelnikova, V. (2000) Production of Ti3SiC2 Material. Applied Physics Letters, 76, 1972-1976. [11] Goto, T. and Hirai, T. (1987) chemically-Vapor Deposited Ti3SiC. Materials Research Bulletin, 22, 1195-1201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(87)90128-0 [12] Pampuch, R., Lis, J., Piekarczyk, J. and Stobierski, L. (1993) Ti3SiC2-Based Materials Produced by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis and Ceramic Processing. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, 1, 93-100. [13] Onodera, A., Hirano, H., Yuasa, T., Guo, N.F. and Miyamoto, Y. (1999) Static compression of Ti3SiC2 to 61 GPa. Applied Physics Letters, 74, 3782-3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124178 [14] Takitani, Y., Matuki, T., Li, J.-F. and Watanabe, R. (2003) Evaluation of Ti3SiC2 Prepared by Mechanical Alloying. Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, 50, 880-884. [15] Wills, J.M., Eriksson, O., Wills, J.M. and Cooper, B.R. (1987) Synthesis of Band and Model Hamiltonian Theory for Hybridizing Cerium Systems. Physical Review B, 36, 3809-3823.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.3809 [16] Andersen, O.K. (1975) Linear Methods in Band Theory. Physical Review B, 12, 3060-3083.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.12.3060 [17] Skriver, H.L. (1984) The LMTO Method. Springer, Berlin. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81844-8 [18] Chadi, D.J. and Cohen, M.L. (1973) Special Points in the Brillouin Zone. Physical Review B, 8, 5747-5753.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.8.5747 [19] Pearson, W.B. (1972) The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and Alloys. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 502-518. [20] Chang, R. and Graham, L.J. (1966) Low-Temperature Elastic Properties of ZrC and TiC. Journal of Applied Physics, 37, 3778-3786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1707923 [21] Ahuja, R., Eriksson, O., Wills, J.M. and Johansson, B. (1996) Structural, Elastic, and High-Pressure Properties of Cubic TiC, TiN, and TiO. Physical Review B, 53, 3072-3087.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.53.3072 [22] Lis, J., Pampuch, R. and Stobierski, L. (1992) Reactions during SHS in a Ti-Si-C System. This International Journal Encompasses Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, 1, 401-408. [23] Jin, S.Z., Liang, B.Y., Li, J.F. and Ren, L.Q. (2007) Effect of Al Addition on Phase Purity of Ti3Si(Al)C2 Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 182, 445-449.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.09.001 [24] Zhang, Z.F., Sun, Z.M., Hashimoto, H. and Abe, T. (2003) Fabrication and Microstructure Characterization of Ti3SiC2 Synthesized from Ti/Si/2TiC Powders Using the Pulse Discharge Sintering (PDS) Technique. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 86, 431-436.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03317.x [25] Liang, B.Y., Wang, M.Z., Sun, J.F., Li, X.P., Zhao, Y.C. and Han, X. (2009) Synthesis of Ti SiC in Air Using Mechanically Activated 3Ti/Si/2C Powder. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 474, L18-L21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.147 [26] Yeh, C.L. and Shen, Y.G. (2008) Effects of SiC Addition on Formation of Ti3SiC2 by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 461, 654-660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.07.088 [27] Zakeri, M., Rahimipour, M.R. and Khanmohammadian, A. (2008) Effect of the Starting Materials on the Reaction Synthesis of Ti3SiC2. Ceramics International, 35, 1553-1557.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.08.011 [28] Liang, B.Y., Jin, S.Z. and Wang, M.Z. (2008) Low-Temperature Fabrication of High Purity Ti3SiC2. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 460, 440-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.05.074 [29] Meng, F.L., Chaffron, L. and Zhou, Y.C. (2009) Synthesis of Ti3SiC2 by High Energy Ball Milling and Reactive Sintering from Ti, Si, and C Elements. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 386-388, 647-649. [30] Abu, M.J., Mohamed, J.J. and Ahmad, Z.A. (2012) Effect of Excess Silicon on the Formation of Ti3SiC2 Using Free Ti/Si/C Powders Synthesized via Arc Melting. International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Ceramics, 2012, Article ID: 341285, 10 Pages. [31] El Saeed, M.A., Deorsola, F.A. and Rashad, R.M. (2012) Optimization of the Ti3SiC2 MAX Phase Synthesis. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 35, 127-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.05.001 [32] Briggs, D. and Beamson, G. (1992) Primary and Secondary Oxygen-Induced C1s Binding Energy Shifts in X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Polymers. Analytical Chemistry, 64, 1729-1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00039a018 [33] Chakri, N.E., Bendjemil, B. and Baricco, M. (2013) The Mechanical Properties of the System and Training Zr59Nb5Cu18Ni8AL10 Bulk Metallic Glasses. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 3, 274-277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aces.2013.34034