Stress and Marital Satisfaction of Parents with Children with Disabilities in Hong Kong
Affiliation(s)
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. 1Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 2The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. 1Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 2The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
ABSTRACT
This study examined the associations among sources of parenting stress, sharing of child care responsibilities, and marital satisfaction of parents with children with disabilities in Hong Kong. This is a cross-sectional quantitative study. Seventy-two parents completed a survey about their sources of parenting stress, sharing of child care responsibilities and marital satisfaction. Results indicated that handling their children’s emotions and behaviours was the most stressful experience. Linear regression analysis showed that the amount of sharing of child care responsibilities and the stress of time allocation were significant predictors for marital satisfaction. Implications for providing support to parents with children with disabilities in Hong Kong were discussed.
Cite this paper
Ki, Y. & Joanne, C. (2014). Stress and Marital Satisfaction of Parents with Children with Disabilities in Hong Kong. Psychology, 5, 349-357. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.55045.
Ki, Y. & Joanne, C. (2014). Stress and Marital Satisfaction of Parents with Children with Disabilities in Hong Kong. Psychology, 5, 349-357. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.55045.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.007 [29] McConnell, A. D., Futris, T. G., & Bartholomae, S. (2009). Mothers of Children with Physical Disabilities: Influence of Family Processes on Mothers’ Depressive Symptomatology. Marriage & Family Review, 45, 68-83.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.29.2.95 [34] Rogers, M. L., & Hogan, D. P. (2003). Family Life with Children with Disabilities: The Key Role of Rehabilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 818-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00818.x [35] Shek, D. T. L. (2006). Chinese Family Research: Puzzles, Progress, Paradigms, and Policy Implications. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 275-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05283508 [36] Simmerman, S., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2001). Fathers’ and Mothers’ Perceptions of Father Involvement in Families with Young Children with Disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26, 325-338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668250120087335 [37] Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 257-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.257 [38] Social Welfare Department, HKSAR (2011). Social Welfare Services in Figures 2011.
http://www.swd.gov.hk/doc/res_stat/swdfig2011.pdf [39] Social Welfare Department, HKSAR (2012). Early Education and Training Centre.
http://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_rehab/sub_listofserv/id_earlyeduca/ [40] Stander, V. A., Hsiung, P. C., & MacDermid, S. (2001). The Relationship of Attributions to Marital Distress: A Comparison of Mainland Chinese and U.S. Couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 124-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.124 [41] Tétreault, S., Blais-Michaud, S., Deschênes, P. M., Beaupré, P., Gascon, H., Boucher, N., & Carrière, M. (2012). How to Support Families of Children with Disabilities? An Exploratory Study of Social Support Services. Children & Family Social Work, in press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00898.x [42] Twoy, R., Connolly, P. M., & Novak, J. M. (2007). Coping Strategies Used by Parents of Children with Autism. Journal of American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 19, 251-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00222.x [43] Wong, S., & Goodwin, R. (2009). Experiencing Marital Satisfaction across Three Cultures: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 1011-1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407509347938 [44] Zuo, J. P., & Bian, Y. (2001). Gendered Resources, Division of Housework, and Perceived Fairness—A Case in Urban China. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1122-1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01122.x
[1] Asberg, K. K., Vogel, J. J., & Bowers, C. A. (2008). Exploring Correlates and Predictors of Stress in Parents of Children Who Are Deaf: Implications of Perceived Social Support and Mode of Communication. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17, 486-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-007-9169-7 [2] Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K. A., & Edelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior Problems and Parenting Stress in Families of Three-Year-Old Children with and without Developmental Delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 433-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0433:BPAPSI>2.0.CO;2 [3] Baker, B. L., Mclntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre-School Children with and without Developmental Delay: Behaviour Problems and Parenting Stress over Time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 217-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00484.x [4] Baxter, C., Cummins, R. A., & Yiolitis, L. (2000). Parental Stress Attributed to Family Members with and without Disability: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 25, 105-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13269780050033526 [5] Berge, J. M., Patterson, J. M., & Rueter, M. (2006). Marital Satisfaction and Mental Health of Couples with Children with Chronic Health Conditions. Families, Systems, & Health, 24, 267-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.24.3.267 [6] Bond, M. H. (1993). Emotion and Their Expression in Chinese Culture. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 245-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987240 [7] Brobst, J. B., Clopton, J. R., & Hendrick, S. S. (2009). Parenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Couple’s Relationship. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24, 38-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357608323699 [8] Cohen, P. N., & Petrescu-Prahova, M. (2006). Gendered Living Arrangements among Children with Disabilities. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 630-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00279.x [9] Eddy, L. L., & Walker, A. J. (1999). The Impact of Children with Chronic Health Problems on Marriage. Journal of Family Nursing, 5, 10-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107484079900500102 [10] Fowers, B. J. (1991). His and Her Marriage: A Multivariate Study of Gender and Marital Satisfaction. Sex Roles, 24, 209-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288892 [11] Glidden, L. M., Billings, F. J., & Jobe, B. M. (2006). Personality, Coping Style and Well-Being of Parents Rearing Children with Developmental Disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 949-962.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00929.x [12] Goff, S. J., Mount, M. K., & Jamison, R. L. (1990). Employer Supported Child Care, Work/Family Conflict, and Absenteeism: A Field Study. Personnel Psychology, 43, 793-809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb00683.x [13] Guo, B., & Huang, J. (2005). Marital and Sexual Satisfaction in Chinese Families: Exploring the Moderating Effects. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 31, 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00926230590475224 [14] Hastings, R. P. (2002). Parental Stress and Behaviour Problems of Children with Developmental Disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 27, 149-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1366825021000008657 [15] Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Behaviour and Emotional Problems in Toddlers with Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Developmental Delay: Associations with Parental Mental Health and Family Functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 874-882.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x [16] Higgins, L. T., Zheng, M., Liu, Y., & Chun, H. S. (2002). Attitudes to Marriage and Sexual Behaviors: A Survey of Gender and Culture Differences in China and United Kingdom. Sex Roles, 46, 75-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016565426011 [17] Hock, R. M., Timm, T. M., & Ramisch, J. L. (2012). Parenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Crucible for Couple Relationships. Child and Family Social Work, 17, 406-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00794.x [18] Holroyd, E. E. (2003). Chinese Culture Influences on Parental Caregiving Obligations toward Children with Disabilities. Qualitative Health Research, 13, 4-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732302239408 [19] Howe, D. (2006). Disabled Children, Parent-Child Interaction and Attachment. Child and Family Social Work, 11, 95-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00397.x [20] Keller, D., & Honig, A. S. (2004). Maternal and Paternal Stress in Families with School-Aged Children with Disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 337-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.74.3.337 [21] Kerr, S. M., & McIntosh, J. B. (2000). Coping When a Child Has a Disability: Exploring the Impact of Parent-to-Parent Support. Child: Care, Health and Development, 26, 309-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.2000.00149.x [22] Kim, S. Y., & Wong, V. Y. (2002). Assessing Asian and Asian American Parenting: A Review of the Literature. In K. S. Kurasaki, S. Okazaki, & S. Sue (Eds.), Asian American Mental Health: Assessment Theories and Methods (pp. 185-201). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0735-2_13 [23] Lai, A. C., & Salili, F. (1997). Parental Stress, Coping Styles, and Social Supports in Chinese Families with Hepatitis-B-Carrying Children. Current Psychology, 16, 65-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-997-1016-x [24] Lu, L. (2006). The Transition to Parenthood: Stress, Resources, and Gender Differences in a Chinese Society. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 471-488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20110 [25] Ma, J. L. C., Lai, K., & Pun, S. H. (2002). Parenting Distress and Parental Investment of Hong Kong Chinese Parents with a Child Having an Emotional or Behavioural Problem: A Qualitative Study. Child and Family Social Work, 7, 99-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2206.2002.00232.x [26] MacInnes, M. D. (2008). One’s Enough for Now: Children, Disability, and the Subsequent Childbearing of Mothers. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 758-771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00519.x [27] Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 [28] McConkey, R., Truesdale-Kennedy, M., Chang, M. Y., Jarrah, S., & Shukri, R. (2008). The Impact on Mothers of Bringing up a Child with Intellectual Disabilities: A Cross-Cultural Study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 65-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.007 [29] McConnell, A. D., Futris, T. G., & Bartholomae, S. (2009). Mothers of Children with Physical Disabilities: Influence of Family Processes on Mothers’ Depressive Symptomatology. Marriage & Family Review, 45, 68-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494920802537522 [30] Phillips, M. R., & Pearson, V. (1996). Coping in Chinese Communities: The Need for a New Research Agenda. In M. H. Bonds (Ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology (pp. 429-440). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. [31] Pimentel, E. E. (2000). Just How Do I Love Thee? Marital Relations in Urban China. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 32-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00032.x [32] Resch, J. A., Benz, M. R., & Elliott, T. R. (2012). Evaluating a Dynamic Process Model of Wellbeing for Parents of Children with Disabilities: A Multi-Method Analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57, 61-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027155 [33] Risdal, D., & Singer, G. H. S. (2004). Marital Adjustment in Parents of Children with Disabilities: A Historical Review and Meta-Analysis. Research & Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 29, 95-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.29.2.95 [34] Rogers, M. L., & Hogan, D. P. (2003). Family Life with Children with Disabilities: The Key Role of Rehabilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 818-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00818.x [35] Shek, D. T. L. (2006). Chinese Family Research: Puzzles, Progress, Paradigms, and Policy Implications. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 275-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05283508 [36] Simmerman, S., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2001). Fathers’ and Mothers’ Perceptions of Father Involvement in Families with Young Children with Disabilities. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26, 325-338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668250120087335 [37] Smith, T. B., Oliver, M. N. I., & Innocenti, M. S. (2001). Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Disabilities. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 257-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.257 [38] Social Welfare Department, HKSAR (2011). Social Welfare Services in Figures 2011.
http://www.swd.gov.hk/doc/res_stat/swdfig2011.pdf [39] Social Welfare Department, HKSAR (2012). Early Education and Training Centre.
http://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_rehab/sub_listofserv/id_earlyeduca/ [40] Stander, V. A., Hsiung, P. C., & MacDermid, S. (2001). The Relationship of Attributions to Marital Distress: A Comparison of Mainland Chinese and U.S. Couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 124-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.124 [41] Tétreault, S., Blais-Michaud, S., Deschênes, P. M., Beaupré, P., Gascon, H., Boucher, N., & Carrière, M. (2012). How to Support Families of Children with Disabilities? An Exploratory Study of Social Support Services. Children & Family Social Work, in press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00898.x [42] Twoy, R., Connolly, P. M., & Novak, J. M. (2007). Coping Strategies Used by Parents of Children with Autism. Journal of American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 19, 251-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00222.x [43] Wong, S., & Goodwin, R. (2009). Experiencing Marital Satisfaction across Three Cultures: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 1011-1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407509347938 [44] Zuo, J. P., & Bian, Y. (2001). Gendered Resources, Division of Housework, and Perceived Fairness—A Case in Urban China. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1122-1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01122.x