Application of a Particle Extraction Process at the Interface of Two Liquids in a Drop Column—Consideration of the Process Behavior and Kinetic Approach
Affiliation(s)
Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Minerals Processing, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany. Helmholtz-Institute Freiberg of Resource Technology, Freiberg, Germany.
Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Minerals Processing, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany. Helmholtz-Institute Freiberg of Resource Technology, Freiberg, Germany.
ABSTRACT
The focus of this research is a new type of particle extraction process for the transfer of magnetite nanoparticles from an aqueous to an immiscible organic phase, directly through the liquid-liquid phase boundary in a drop column. The particle extraction process comprises several advantages such as a minimum amount of stabilizing surfactant, no exposure of the particles to a gas atmosphere and with it the avoidance of sintering by capillary forces and a high particle concentration in the receiving phase as well. The study presents experimental results of the characterization of the process environment and the transfer behavior in a drop column. The solution of surfactant in the continuous phase has been investigated during a particle-free phase transfer experiment including the measurements of the total organic carbon (TOC) content and analysis of the size of the stabilized droplets using the laser diffraction spectroscopy. The determination of the transfer fluxes, the mass flows as well as the yield of transferred magnetite by ICP-OES measurements provide information on the impact of interaction of the elementary processes at the phase boundary. Furthermore, the transfer kinetics of the process is described and compared with calculated theoretical values resulting from a kinetic approach.
Cite this paper
Erler, J. , Leistner, T. and Peuker, U. (2014) Application of a Particle Extraction Process at the Interface of Two Liquids in a Drop Column—Consideration of the Process Behavior and Kinetic Approach. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 4, 149-160. doi: 10.4236/aces.2014.42018.
Erler, J. , Leistner, T. and Peuker, U. (2014) Application of a Particle Extraction Process at the Interface of Two Liquids in a Drop Column—Consideration of the Process Behavior and Kinetic Approach. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 4, 149-160. doi: 10.4236/aces.2014.42018.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.01.020 [22] Blaß, E. (1988) Bildung und Koaleszenz von Blasen und Tropfen. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 60, 935-947.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01501433 [25] Kubatta, E.A. and Rehage, H. (2009) Characterization of Giant Vesicles Formed by Phase Transfer Processes. Colloid and Polymer Science, 287, 1117-1122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-009-2083-3 [26] Levenspiel, O. (1999) Chemical Reaction Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken. [27] Chapman, D.G., King, G.G., Berend, N., Diba, C. and Salome, C.M. (2010) Avoiding Deep Inspirations Increases the Maximal Response to Methacholine Without Altering Sensitivity in Non-Asthmatics. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 173, 157-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.07.011
[1] Scherer, M. and Figueiredo Neto, A.M. (2005) Ferrofluids: Properties and Applications. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 35, 718-727.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332005000400018 [2] Hurlebaus, S. and Gaul, L. (2006) Smart Structure Dynamics. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 20, 255-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2005.08.025 [3] Dallas, P., Georgakilas, V., Niarchos, D., Komninou, P., Kehagias, T. and Petridis, D. (2006) Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Properties of Polymer/Magnetite Nanocomposites. Nanotechnology, 17, 2046-2053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/8/043 [4] Teja, A.S. and Koh, P.-Y. (2009) Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials, 55, 22-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2008.08.003 [5] Hickstein, B. and Peuker, U.A. (2009) Modular Process for the Flexible Synthesis of Magnetic Beads—Process and Product Validation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112, 2366-2373.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29655 [6] Banert, T. and Peuker, U.A. (2007) Synthesis of Magnetic Beads for Bio-Separation Using the Solution Method. Chemical Engineering Communications, 194, 707-719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440600992750 [7] Laurent, S., Forge, D., Port, M., Roch, A., Robic, C., Vander Elst, L. and Muller, R.N. (2008) Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterization and Biological Application. Chemical Reviews, 108, 2064-2110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr068445e [8] Mahmoudi, M., Sant, S., Wang, B., Laurent, S. and Sen, T. (2011) Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs): Development, Surface Modification and Applications in Chemotherapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 63, 24-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2010.05.006 [9] Banert, T. and Peuker, U.A. (2006) Preparation of Highly Filled Super-Paramagnetic PMMA-Magnetite Nano Composites Using the Solution Method. Journal of Material Science, 41, 3051-3056.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-6976-y [10] Kirchberg, S., Rudolph, M., Ziegmann, G. and Peuker, U.A. (2012) Nanocomposites Based on Technical Polymers and Sterically Functionalized Soft Magnetic Magnetite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Processing, and Characterization. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012, Article ID: 670531.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/670531 [11] Rudolph, M. and Peuker, U.A. (2011) Coagulation and Stabilization of Sterically Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles in an Organic Solvent with Different Technical Polymers. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 357, 292-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.02.043 [12] Rudolph, M. and Peuker, U.A. (2012) Phase Transfer of Agglomerated Nanoparticles—Deagglomeration by Adsorbing Grafted Molecules and Colloidal Stability in Polymer Solutions. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 14, 990.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0990-6 [13] Machunsky, S. and Peuker, U.A. (2007) Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Transport of Nanoparticles. Physical Separation in Science and Engineering, 2007, Article ID: 34832.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/34832 [14] Youssef, A.A., Al-Dahhan, M.H. and Dudukovic, M.P. (2013) Bubble Columns with Internals: A Review. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 11, 1-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0023 [15] Shaikh, A. and Al-Dahhan, M. (2007) A Review on Flow Regime Transition in Bubble Columns. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 5, 1-68. [16] Vecer, M., Lestinsky, P., Wichterle, K. and Ruzicka, M. (2012) On Bubble Rising in Countercurrent Flow. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 10, 1-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1542-6580.2995 [17] Hadavand, L. and Fadavi, A. (2013) Effect of Vibrating Sparger on Mass Transfer, Gas Holdup, and Bubble Size in a Bubble Column Reactor. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 11, 1-10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0094 [18] Lai, R.W.M. and Fuerstenau, D.W. (1968) Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Ultrafine Particles. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 241, 549-556. [19] Erler, J., Machunsky, S., Grimm, P., Schmid, H.-J. and Peuker, U.A. (2013) Liquid-Liquid Phase Transfer of Magnetite Nanoparticles—Evaluation Of Surfactants. Powder Technology, 247, 265-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.09.047 [20] Zhang, L., He, R. and Gu, H.-C. (2006) Oleic Acid Coating on the Monodisperse Magnetite Nanoparticles. Applied Surface Science, 253, 2611-2617.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.05.023 [21] Rudolph, M., Erler, J. and Peuker, U.A. (2012) A TGA-FTIR Perspective of Fatty Acid Adsorbed on Magnetite Nanoparticles—Decomposition Steps and Magnetite Reduction. Colloid and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 397, 16-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.01.020 [22] Blaß, E. (1988) Bildung und Koaleszenz von Blasen und Tropfen. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 60, 935-947.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330601203 [23] Rabiger, N. and Schlüter, M. (2006) Bildung und Bewegung von Tropfen und Blasen. In: VDI Warmeatlas, Springer, Berlin, 1-15. [24] Stackelberg, M.V. (1949) Spontane Emulgierung Infolge Negative Grenzflachenspannung. Kolloid-Zeitschrift, 115, 53-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01501433 [25] Kubatta, E.A. and Rehage, H. (2009) Characterization of Giant Vesicles Formed by Phase Transfer Processes. Colloid and Polymer Science, 287, 1117-1122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-009-2083-3 [26] Levenspiel, O. (1999) Chemical Reaction Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken. [27] Chapman, D.G., King, G.G., Berend, N., Diba, C. and Salome, C.M. (2010) Avoiding Deep Inspirations Increases the Maximal Response to Methacholine Without Altering Sensitivity in Non-Asthmatics. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology, 173, 157-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2010.07.011