Yi-Hong Chen, Yu-Hui Liu, Yi-Jhen Wu, Chu-Chin Chen

Show more
Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Show less

Abstract: In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatograph and an electrospray ionization (ESI) triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQ MS) detector were used to scan Oriental Beauty tea of different grades and prices. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the profiling data was performed for pattern recognition, clearly showing that the proposed MS profiling method was able to classify Oriental Beauty tea into different grades. The component mass ions primarily responsible for the separation were selected with high loading strength in the PCA for subsequent identification with tandem mass (MS/MS). Caffeine, citrate and salicylate were verified, whereas certain other compounds remained ambiguous. Regression analysis considering caffeine, citrate and salicylate showed a linear relationship between the prices of the Oriental Beauty tea with an adjusted R2 of 0.84. If all the selected marker ions (in addition to caffeine, citrate and salicylate) could have been identified and incorporated into regression analysis, a stronger relationship could have been confirmed. These results suggest that metabolomics can facilitate the determination of real markers in the quality control of Oriental Beauty tea, and may lead to the further application of metabolomics in other food quality controls.

Keywords: Dongfang Meiren; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolic Profiling; Metabolomics; Oriental Beauty; Quality; Tea

Cite this paper: Chen, Y. , Liu, Y. , Wu, Y. and Chen, C. (2014) Metabolomic Studies Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Discover Quality Markers for Oriental Beauty (Dongfang Meiren) Tea. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5, 823-834. doi: 10.4236/fns.2014.59092.

References

[1]   Nicholson, J.K., Connelly, J., Lindon, J.C. and Holmes, E. (2002) Metabonomics: A Platform for Studying Drug Toxicity and Gene Function. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 1, 153-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd728

[2]   Plumb, R.S., Stumpf, C.L., Gorenstein, M.V., Castro-Perez, J.M., Dear, G.J., Anthony, M., Sweatman, B.C., Connor, S.C. and Haselden, J.N. (2002) Metabonomics: The Use of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Coupled to ReversedPhase Liquid Chromatography Shows Potential for the Screening of Rat Urine in Drug Development. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 16, 1991-1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.813

[3]   Cascante, M., Boros, L.G., Comin-Anduix, B., de Atauri, P., Centelles, J.J. and Lee, P.W. (2002) Metabolic Control Analysis in Drug Discovery and Disease. Nature Biotechnology, 20, 243-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0302-243

[4]   Lindon, J.C., Holmes, E., Bollard, M.E., Stanley, E.G. and Nicholson, J.K. (2004) Metabonomics Technologies and Their Applications in Physiological Monitoring, Drug Safety Assessment and Disease Diagnosis. Biomarkers, 9, 1-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547500410001668379

[5]   Watkins, S.M. and German, J.B. (2002) Metabolomics and Biochemical Profiling in Drug Discovery and Development. Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics, 4, 224-228.

[6]   Fiehn, O. (2002) Metabolomics—The Link Between Genotypes and Phenotypes. Plant Molecular Biology, 48, 155-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013713905833

[7]   Fiehn, O., Kopka, J., Dormann, P., Altmann, T., Trethewey, R.N. and Willmitzer, L. (2000) Metabolite Profiling for Plant Functional Genomics. Nature Biotechnology, 18, 1157-1161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/81137

[8]   Roessner, U., Luedemann, A., Brust, D., Fiehn, O., Linke, T., Willmitzer, L. and Fernie, A. (2001) Metabolic Profiling Allows Comprehensive Phenotyping of Genetically or Environmentally Modified Plant Systems. Plant Cell, 13, 11-29.

[9]   Allen, J., Davey, H.M., Broadhurst, D., Heald, J.K., Rowland, J.J., Oliver, S.G. and Kell, D.B. (2003) High-Throughput Classification of Yeast Mutants for Functional Genomics Using Metabolic Footprinting. Nature Biotechnology, 21, 692-696.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt823

[10]   Almaas, E., Kovács, B., Vicsek, T., Oltvai, Z.N. and Barabási, A.L. (2004) Global Organization of Metabolic Fluxes in the Bacterium Escherichia coli. Nature, 427, 839-843.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02289

[11]   Smedsgaard, J. and Nielsen, J. (2005) Metabolite Profiling of Fungi and Yeast: From Phenotype to Metabolome by MS and Informatics. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, 273-286.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eri068

[12]   van der Werf, M.J., Overkamp, K.M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L. and Hankemeier, T. (2007) Microbial Metabolomics: Toward a Platform with Full Metabolome Coverage. Analytical Biochemistry, 370, 17-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2007.07.022

[13]   Picariello, G., Mamone, G., Addeo, F. and Ferranti, P. (2012) Novel Mass Spectrometry-Based Applications of the “Omic” Sciences in Food Technology and Biotechnology. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 50, 286-305.

[14]   Catharino, R.R., Haddad, R., Cabrini, L.G., Cunha, I.B., Sawaya, A.C. and Eberlin, M.N. (2005) Characterization of Vegetable Oils by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Fingerprinting: Classification, Quality, Adulteration, and Aging. Analytical Chemistry, 77, 7429-7433.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0512507

[15]   Lerma-García, M.J., Ramis-Ramos, G., Herrero-Martínez, J.M. and Simó-Alfonso, E.F. (2007) Classification of Vegetable Oils According to Their Botanical Origin Using Amino Acid Profiles Established by Direct Infusion Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 21, 3751-3755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3272

[16]   Nishikawa, Y., Dmochowska, B., Madaj, J., Xue, J., Guo, Z., Satake, M., Reddy, D.V., Rinaldi, P.L. and Monnier, V.M. (2003) Vitamin C Metabolomic Mapping in Experimental Diabetes with 6-Deoxy-6-Fluoro-Ascorbic Acid and High Resolution 19F-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Metabolism, 52, 760-770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0026-0495(03)00069-6

[17]   Solanky, K.S., Bailey, N.J., Beckwith-Hall, B.M., Davis, A., Bingham, S., Holmes, E., Nicholson, J.K. and Cassidy, A. (2003) Application of Biofluid 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabonomic Techniques for the Analysis of the Biochemical Effects of Dietary Isoflavones on Human Plasma Profile. Analytical Biochemistry, 323, 197-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2003.08.028

[18]   Ercolini, D., Russo, F., Nasi, A., Ferranti, P. and Villani, F. (2009) Mesophilic and Psychrotrophic Bacteria from Meat and Their Spoilage Potential in Vitro and in Beef. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 1990-2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02762-08

[19]   Ercolini, D., Casaburi, A., Nasi, A., Ferrocino, I., Di Monaco, R., Ferranti, P., Mauriello, G. and Villani, F. (2010) Different Molecular Types of Pseudomonas fragi Have the Same Overall Behaviour as Meat Spoilers. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 142, 120-131.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.012

[20]   Idborg, H., Zamani, L., Edlund, P.O., Schuppe-Koistinen, I. and Jacobsson, S.P. (2005) Metabolic Fingerprinting of Rat Urine by LC/MS. Part 1. Analysis by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 828, 9-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.031

[21]   Idborg, H., Zamani, L., Edlund, P.O., Schuppe-Koistinen, I. and Jacobsson, S.P. (2005) Metabolic Fingerprinting of Rat Urine by LC/MS. Part 2. Data Pretreatment Methods for Handling of Complex Data. Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 828, 14-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.049

[22]   Plumb, R.S., Granger, J.H., Stumpf, C.L., Wilson, I.D., Evans, J.A. and Lenz, E.M. (2003) Metabonomic Analysis of Mouse Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-TOFMS): Detection of Strain, Diurnal and Gender Differences. The Analyst, 128, 819-823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b304296k

[23]   Plumb, R.S., Stumpf, C.L., Granger, J.H., Castro-Perez, J., Haselden, J.N. and Dear, G.J. (2003) Use of Liquid Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Statistical Analysis Shows Promise for the Detection of Drug Metabolites in Biological Fluids. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 17, 2632-2638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1250

[24]   Wilson, I.D., Nicholson, J.K., Castro-Perez, J., Granger, J.H., Johnson, K.A., Smith, B.W. and Plumb, R.S. (2005) High Resolution “Ultra Performance” Liquid Chromatography Coupled to oa-TOF Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for Differential Metabolic Pathway Profiling in Functional Genomic Studies. Journal of Proteome Research, 4, 591-598.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr049769r

[25]   Werner, E., Heilier, J.F., Ducruix, C., Ezan, E., Junot, C. and Tabet, J.C. (2008) Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of the Discriminating Signals from Metabolomics: Current Status and Future Trends. Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, 871, 143-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.004

[26]   Chen, Y.-H., Chen, C.-H., Lin, C.-J. and Chen, C.-C. (2009) Metabonomic Study with a High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupling to a Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer to Identify Biomarkers from Urine of High-Fat Fed and Streptozotocin Treated Rats. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 17, 28-35.

[27]   Wikipedia (2013) Dongfang Meiren.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfang_meiren_tea

[28]   Hayat, S. and Ahmad, A. (2007) Salicylic Acid—A Plant Hormone. Springer, Berlin.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5184-0

[29]   Lenz, E.M. andWilson, I.D. (2007) Analytical Strategies in Metabonomics. Journal of Proteome Research, 6, 443-458.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr0605217