Globalization of Science and Technology through Research and Development
Author(s)
Aqueil Ahmad
ABSTRACT
Globalization of science and technology is an integral aspect of globalization per se. The main engine of globalization is assumed to be the global economy propelled by global trade and technology transfers, the latter as aspects of globalization of science and technology. International trade and technology transfers are the engines that drive global economy. Much has been written on these drivers but relatively little on what drives globalization of science and technology which constitutes the backbone of international technology transfers. I attempt to fill this knowledge gap by suggesting that the drivers behind globalization of science and technology are the emerging global centers of collaborative research and development (R&D) as constituents of the global invisible college(s). “Science” throughout this article means both science and technology as the two closely related aspects of the same knowledge system.
Globalization of science and technology is an integral aspect of globalization per se. The main engine of globalization is assumed to be the global economy propelled by global trade and technology transfers, the latter as aspects of globalization of science and technology. International trade and technology transfers are the engines that drive global economy. Much has been written on these drivers but relatively little on what drives globalization of science and technology which constitutes the backbone of international technology transfers. I attempt to fill this knowledge gap by suggesting that the drivers behind globalization of science and technology are the emerging global centers of collaborative research and development (R&D) as constituents of the global invisible college(s). “Science” throughout this article means both science and technology as the two closely related aspects of the same knowledge system.
Cite this paper
Ahmad, A. (2014) Globalization of Science and Technology through Research and Development. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 283-287. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.24031.
Ahmad, A. (2014) Globalization of Science and Technology through Research and Development. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 283-287. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.24031.
References
[1] Ahmad, A. (2013) New Age Globalization: Meaning and Metaphors. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137319494 [2] Chandra, N. (2007) Bound Together. Yale University Press, New Haven. [3] Basalla, G. (1968) The Rise of Modern Science: External and Internal Factors. Heath, Lexington. [4] de Solla Price, D.J. (1961) Science Since Babylon. Yale University Press, New Haven. [5] Needham, J. (1990) A Selection from the Writings of Joseph Needham. Book Guild, Lewes. [6] Robinson, F. (1984) Atlas of the Islamic World. Equinox, Oxford. [7] Wightman, W.P.D. (1953) The Growth of Scientific Ideas. Yale University Press. New Haven. [8] Toynbee, A. (1963) A Study of History. Oxford University Press, New York. [9] Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford University Press, Stanford. [10] Wallerstein, E. (2004) World Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press, Durham. [11] Watson, J.D. (1968) The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. Athenaeum, New York. [12] McElhenry, V.K. (2010) Drawing the Map of Life. Inside the Human Genome Project. Basic Books, New York. [13] Breskin, A. and Rudiger, V. (2009) The Cern Large Hadron Collider: Accelerator and Experiments. CERN, Geneva. [14] de Solla Price, D.J. (1963) Little Science, Big Science. Columbia University Press, New York.
[1] Ahmad, A. (2013) New Age Globalization: Meaning and Metaphors. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137319494 [2] Chandra, N. (2007) Bound Together. Yale University Press, New Haven. [3] Basalla, G. (1968) The Rise of Modern Science: External and Internal Factors. Heath, Lexington. [4] de Solla Price, D.J. (1961) Science Since Babylon. Yale University Press, New Haven. [5] Needham, J. (1990) A Selection from the Writings of Joseph Needham. Book Guild, Lewes. [6] Robinson, F. (1984) Atlas of the Islamic World. Equinox, Oxford. [7] Wightman, W.P.D. (1953) The Growth of Scientific Ideas. Yale University Press. New Haven. [8] Toynbee, A. (1963) A Study of History. Oxford University Press, New York. [9] Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford University Press, Stanford. [10] Wallerstein, E. (2004) World Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Duke University Press, Durham. [11] Watson, J.D. (1968) The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. Athenaeum, New York. [12] McElhenry, V.K. (2010) Drawing the Map of Life. Inside the Human Genome Project. Basic Books, New York. [13] Breskin, A. and Rudiger, V. (2009) The Cern Large Hadron Collider: Accelerator and Experiments. CERN, Geneva. [14] de Solla Price, D.J. (1963) Little Science, Big Science. Columbia University Press, New York.