A New Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Lawsonia inermis (Henna) as Natural Reagent
ABSTRACT
A new simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of cefadroxil in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is based on the formation of yellow coloured product (λmax = 410 nm) that resulted after addition of the reagent, which is composed of a mixture of Henna extract, sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate, to cefadroxil aqueous solution. The experimental conditions have been optimized. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentrations of 100 - 35 μg/ml, with a linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.996. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of cefadroxil in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
A new simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of cefadroxil in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is based on the formation of yellow coloured product (λmax = 410 nm) that resulted after addition of the reagent, which is composed of a mixture of Henna extract, sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate, to cefadroxil aqueous solution. The experimental conditions have been optimized. Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentrations of 100 - 35 μg/ml, with a linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.996. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of cefadroxil in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Cite this paper
Hassan, M. , Abeed, F. and Saif, B. (2014) A New Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Lawsonia inermis (Henna) as Natural Reagent. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 4, 116-128. doi: 10.4236/abc.2014.42016.
Hassan, M. , Abeed, F. and Saif, B. (2014) A New Kinetic Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cefadroxil in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Lawsonia inermis (Henna) as Natural Reagent. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 4, 116-128. doi: 10.4236/abc.2014.42016.
References
[1] Buck, R.E. and Price, K.E. (1977) Cefadroxil, a New Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 11, 324-330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.11.2.324 [2] Sweetman, S.C. (1999) Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 165-166. [3] Keynolds, J.E.F. (1999) Matrindale. The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 32nd Edition, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 163. [4] Sastry, C.S., Rao, K.R. and Prasad, D.S. (1997) Spectro-photometric Determination of Cephradine and Cefadroxil Using 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyano-1,4-Benzoquinonereagent. Acta, 126, 167-172. [5] Yang, J.H., Zhou, G.J., Tie, N.Q., Han, R.J., Lin, C.G. and Hu, J.T. (1996) Simultaneous Determination of Cephalexin and Cephadroxil by Using the Coupling Technique of Synchronous Fluorimetry and H-Point Standard Additions Method. Analytica Chimica Acta, 325, 195-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(96)00032-3 [6] AbdelGaber, A.A., Ghandour, M.A. and Al-Said, H.S. (2003) Polarographic Studies of Some Metal(II) Complexes with Cephalosporins Selected from the First Generation. Analytical Letters, 36, 1245-1260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/AL-120020156 [7] Ivaska, A. and Nordstrom, F. (1983) Determination of Some Cephalosporins by Differential Pulse Polarography and Linear Scan Voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 146, 87-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80595-4 [8] Fabre, H., Blanchin, M.D., Lerner, D. and Mandrou, B. (1985) Determination of Cephalosporins Utilising Thin-Layer Chromatography with Fluorescamine Detection. Analyst, 110, 775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9851000775 [9] Shabadi, C.V., Shelar, B.A. and Shelab, A.R. (1998) Simultaneous Determination of Cephalexin Acid Cefadoxil in Pharmaceutical Preparation by Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography. Indian Drugs, 35, 766-770. [10] Patel, Y.P., Dhorda, U.J., Sundaresan, M. and Bhagwat, A.M. (1997) Isocratic, Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Five Antibiotics by Ion-Pair Chromatography. Indian Drugs, 34, 43-47. [11] Anastas, P.T. (1999) Green Chemistry and the Role of Analytical Methodology Development. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 29, 167-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408349891199356 [12] Tontrong, S., Khonyoung, S. and Jakmunee, J. (2012) Flow Injection Spectrophotometry Using Natural Reagent from Morinda citrifolia Root for Determination of Aluminium in Tea. Food Chemistry, 123, 624-629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.100 [13] Grudpan, K., Hartwell, K.S., Wongwilai, H.W. and Grudpan, S. (2011) Exploiting Green Analytical Procedures for Acidity and Iron Assays Employing Flow Analysis with Simple Natural Reagent Extracts. Talanta, 84, 1396-1400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.090 [14] Grudpan, K., Kradtap, S., Lapanantnoppakhun, S. and McKelvie, I. (2010) The Case for the Use of Unrefined Natural Reagents in Analytical Chemistry-A Green Chemical Perspective. Analytical Methods, 2, 1651-1661.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ay00253d [15] Hartwell, K.S. (2012) Exploring the Potential for Using Inexpensive Natural Reagents Extracted from Plants to Teach Chemical Analysis. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 13, 135-146. [16] Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.C. (1998) Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, New York, 29-56. [17] Wang, J. (2002) Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring: Toward Green Analytical Chemistry. Accounts of Chemical Research, 35, 811-816.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar010066e [18] Armenta, S., Garrigues, S. and de la Guardia, M. (2008) Green Analytical Chemistry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27, 497-511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.05.003 [19] Prosen, H., Antonic, J. and Klobcar, A. (2005) Determination of Some Organochlorine Compounds in Herbal Colouring Agent Henna (Lawsonia inermis) and in Tea (Thea sinensis). Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 56, 1-7. [20] Chadwick, A.F. and Craker, L.E. (1984) The Scientific Literature on Selected Herbs, and Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Temperate Zone, Herbs: An Indexed Bibliography; 1971-1980. Archon Books, 770. [21] Singh, Y.V., Kumar, S. and Singh, M. (2005) Agro-History, Uses, Ecology and Distribution of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L. syn. Alba Lam). Henna Cultivation, Improvement and Trade. Central and Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 11-12. [22] Endrini, S., Rahmat, A., Ismail, P. and Yun, H.T. (2000) Anticarcinogenic Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Henna (Lawsonia inermis). Journal of Medical Sciences, 2, 194-197. [23] Mittal, G.C. and Aguwa, C.N. (1983) Abortifacient Effects of the Roots of Momodica Charantia Angustisepala. Journal of Ethnopharm, 7, 169-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90018-1 [24] Spyroudis, S. (2000) Hydroxyquinones: Synthesis and Reactivity. Molecules, 5, 1291-1330. [25] David, H. (2000) Modern Analytical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York, 404. [26] Laidler, K.J. (1987) Chemical Kinetics. 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Singapore City, 197. [27] Adari, K.K., Nowduri, A. and Parvataneni, V. (2008) Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of L-Cystine by Cerium (IV) in Sulphuric Acid Medium. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 55, 425-429. [28] Dhillon, S. and Gill, K. (2006) Basic Pharmacokinetics. Clinical Phrmokinetics, Pharmaceutical Press, London. [29] Patwari, S.B., Khansole, S.V. and Vibhute, Y.B. (2000) Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Aniline and Substituted Anilines by Isoquinolinium Bromochromate in Aqueous Acetic Acid. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 6, 399-404. [30] Patel, S. and Patel, N.J. (2001) Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Cefadroxil in Tablet Dosage Form. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2, 73-76. [31] El-Shaboury, S.R., Mohamed, F.A., Saleh, G.A. and Rageh, A.H. (2010) Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Cephalosporins Using Iodate/Iodide Mixture. Natural Science, 2, 432-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.25053 [32] Rageh, A.H., El-Shaboury, S.R., Saleh, A.G. and Mohamed, F.A. (2010) Pectophotometric Method for Determination of Certain Cephalosporins Using 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). Natural Science, 2, 828-840.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.28104 [33] Espinosa-Manisilla, A., Acedo-Valenzuela, I.M., Salinas F. and Canada, F. (1998) Kinetic Determination of Ansamicins in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine. Manual and Semiautomatic (Stopped-Flow) Procedures. Analytica Chimica Acta, 376, 365-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00537-6
[1] Buck, R.E. and Price, K.E. (1977) Cefadroxil, a New Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 11, 324-330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.11.2.324 [2] Sweetman, S.C. (1999) Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 165-166. [3] Keynolds, J.E.F. (1999) Matrindale. The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 32nd Edition, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 163. [4] Sastry, C.S., Rao, K.R. and Prasad, D.S. (1997) Spectro-photometric Determination of Cephradine and Cefadroxil Using 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-Dicyano-1,4-Benzoquinonereagent. Acta, 126, 167-172. [5] Yang, J.H., Zhou, G.J., Tie, N.Q., Han, R.J., Lin, C.G. and Hu, J.T. (1996) Simultaneous Determination of Cephalexin and Cephadroxil by Using the Coupling Technique of Synchronous Fluorimetry and H-Point Standard Additions Method. Analytica Chimica Acta, 325, 195-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(96)00032-3 [6] AbdelGaber, A.A., Ghandour, M.A. and Al-Said, H.S. (2003) Polarographic Studies of Some Metal(II) Complexes with Cephalosporins Selected from the First Generation. Analytical Letters, 36, 1245-1260.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/AL-120020156 [7] Ivaska, A. and Nordstrom, F. (1983) Determination of Some Cephalosporins by Differential Pulse Polarography and Linear Scan Voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 146, 87-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80595-4 [8] Fabre, H., Blanchin, M.D., Lerner, D. and Mandrou, B. (1985) Determination of Cephalosporins Utilising Thin-Layer Chromatography with Fluorescamine Detection. Analyst, 110, 775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9851000775 [9] Shabadi, C.V., Shelar, B.A. and Shelab, A.R. (1998) Simultaneous Determination of Cephalexin Acid Cefadoxil in Pharmaceutical Preparation by Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography. Indian Drugs, 35, 766-770. [10] Patel, Y.P., Dhorda, U.J., Sundaresan, M. and Bhagwat, A.M. (1997) Isocratic, Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Five Antibiotics by Ion-Pair Chromatography. Indian Drugs, 34, 43-47. [11] Anastas, P.T. (1999) Green Chemistry and the Role of Analytical Methodology Development. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 29, 167-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408349891199356 [12] Tontrong, S., Khonyoung, S. and Jakmunee, J. (2012) Flow Injection Spectrophotometry Using Natural Reagent from Morinda citrifolia Root for Determination of Aluminium in Tea. Food Chemistry, 123, 624-629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.100 [13] Grudpan, K., Hartwell, K.S., Wongwilai, H.W. and Grudpan, S. (2011) Exploiting Green Analytical Procedures for Acidity and Iron Assays Employing Flow Analysis with Simple Natural Reagent Extracts. Talanta, 84, 1396-1400.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.03.090 [14] Grudpan, K., Kradtap, S., Lapanantnoppakhun, S. and McKelvie, I. (2010) The Case for the Use of Unrefined Natural Reagents in Analytical Chemistry-A Green Chemical Perspective. Analytical Methods, 2, 1651-1661.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ay00253d [15] Hartwell, K.S. (2012) Exploring the Potential for Using Inexpensive Natural Reagents Extracted from Plants to Teach Chemical Analysis. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 13, 135-146. [16] Anastas, P.T. and Warner, J.C. (1998) Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, New York, 29-56. [17] Wang, J. (2002) Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring: Toward Green Analytical Chemistry. Accounts of Chemical Research, 35, 811-816.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar010066e [18] Armenta, S., Garrigues, S. and de la Guardia, M. (2008) Green Analytical Chemistry. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27, 497-511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.05.003 [19] Prosen, H., Antonic, J. and Klobcar, A. (2005) Determination of Some Organochlorine Compounds in Herbal Colouring Agent Henna (Lawsonia inermis) and in Tea (Thea sinensis). Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 56, 1-7. [20] Chadwick, A.F. and Craker, L.E. (1984) The Scientific Literature on Selected Herbs, and Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Temperate Zone, Herbs: An Indexed Bibliography; 1971-1980. Archon Books, 770. [21] Singh, Y.V., Kumar, S. and Singh, M. (2005) Agro-History, Uses, Ecology and Distribution of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L. syn. Alba Lam). Henna Cultivation, Improvement and Trade. Central and Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 11-12. [22] Endrini, S., Rahmat, A., Ismail, P. and Yun, H.T. (2000) Anticarcinogenic Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Henna (Lawsonia inermis). Journal of Medical Sciences, 2, 194-197. [23] Mittal, G.C. and Aguwa, C.N. (1983) Abortifacient Effects of the Roots of Momodica Charantia Angustisepala. Journal of Ethnopharm, 7, 169-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90018-1 [24] Spyroudis, S. (2000) Hydroxyquinones: Synthesis and Reactivity. Molecules, 5, 1291-1330. [25] David, H. (2000) Modern Analytical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill, New York, 404. [26] Laidler, K.J. (1987) Chemical Kinetics. 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, Singapore City, 197. [27] Adari, K.K., Nowduri, A. and Parvataneni, V. (2008) Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of L-Cystine by Cerium (IV) in Sulphuric Acid Medium. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 55, 425-429. [28] Dhillon, S. and Gill, K. (2006) Basic Pharmacokinetics. Clinical Phrmokinetics, Pharmaceutical Press, London. [29] Patwari, S.B., Khansole, S.V. and Vibhute, Y.B. (2000) Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Aniline and Substituted Anilines by Isoquinolinium Bromochromate in Aqueous Acetic Acid. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 6, 399-404. [30] Patel, S. and Patel, N.J. (2001) Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Cefadroxil in Tablet Dosage Form. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2, 73-76. [31] El-Shaboury, S.R., Mohamed, F.A., Saleh, G.A. and Rageh, A.H. (2010) Kinetic Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Cephalosporins Using Iodate/Iodide Mixture. Natural Science, 2, 432-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.25053 [32] Rageh, A.H., El-Shaboury, S.R., Saleh, A.G. and Mohamed, F.A. (2010) Pectophotometric Method for Determination of Certain Cephalosporins Using 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). Natural Science, 2, 828-840.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.28104 [33] Espinosa-Manisilla, A., Acedo-Valenzuela, I.M., Salinas F. and Canada, F. (1998) Kinetic Determination of Ansamicins in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine. Manual and Semiautomatic (Stopped-Flow) Procedures. Analytica Chimica Acta, 376, 365-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00537-6