Naosuke Kumagae^*, Julio Villena, Yohsuke Tomosada, Hisakazu Kobayashi, Paulraj Kanmani, Hisashi Aso, Takashi Sasaki, Motohiko Yoshida, Hiroshi Tanabe, Isao Shibata, Tadao Saito, Haruki Kitazawa

Show more
Food and Feed Immunology Group, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan;Scientific Feed Laboratory Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
Food and Feed Immunology Group, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan;Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina.
Food and Feed Immunology Group, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Food and Feed Immunology Group, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan;Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan.
Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Show less

Abstract: The establishment of drug-free feeding systems has been required for secure and healthy livestock production. Although functional feed materials containing microorganisms as alternatives to enhance intestinal immunity are expected to be beneficial for reducing diarrhoea caused by pathogens in weaned piglets, the effects of such materials on porcine intestinal cells have not been investigated in detail. Therefore, this work evaluated the immunoregulatory functions of microbial feed materials in porcine intestinal immune and epithelial cells. Porcine immune cells isolated from Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were stimulated with six different feed materials containing microorganisms, and evaluated for lymphocyte mitogenicity and cytokine inductions. In addition, porcine intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated with the materials before treatment with heat-killed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and analyzed for the proinflammatory cytokine expressions. The material containing Bifidobacterium thermophilum significantly augmented lymphocytes’ mitogenicity and also induced a high expression of IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-γ in immune cells, and inhibited ETEC-induced overexpression of IL-6 and IL-8 via regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling. These results suggest that this feed material stimulates intestinal epithelial and immune cells to exert immunoregulation, suggesting that this feed is expected to contribute to promoting the health of piglets without using antimicrobial feed materials.

Keywords: Feed Microbial Material; Immunoregulatory Effect; Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocytes; Porcine Immune Cells

Cite this paper: Kumagae, N. , Villena, J. , Tomosada, Y. , Kobayashi, H. , Kanmani, P. , Aso, H. , Sasaki, T. , Yoshida, M. , Tanabe, H. , Shibata, I. , Saito, T. and Kitazawa, H. (2014) Evaluation of the Immunoregulatory Capacities of Feed Microbial Materials in Porcine Intestinal Immune and Epithelial Cells. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 4, 15-28. doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2014.43003.

References

[1]   Lalles, J.P., Boudry, G., Favier, C., Le Floc’h, N., Luron, I., Montagne, L., Oswald, I.P., Pié, S. and Piel Sève, B. (2004) Gut Function and Dysfunction in Young Pigs: Physiology. Animal Research, 53, 301-316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/animres:2004018

[2]   Williams, B.A., Verstegen, M.W.A. and Tamminga, S. (2001) Fermentation in the Large Intestine of Single-Stomached Animals and Its Relationship to Animal Health. Nutrition Research Reviews, 14, 207-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/NRR200127

[3]   McDermott, P.F., Walker, R.D. and White, D.G. (2003) Antimicrobials: Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance. International Journal of Toxicolology, 22, 135-143.

[4]   Kemper, N. (2008) Veterinary Antibiotics in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment. Ecological Indicators, 8, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002

[5]   Qiao, S., Huang, C., Lifa, D., Piao, X. and Ren, J. (2004) Effects of Lactobacilli on the Performance, Diarrhoea Incidence, VFA Concentration and Gastrointestinal Microbial Flora of 29 Weaning Pigs. Asian-Australasian. Journal of Animal Science, 17, 401-409.

[6]   Herfel, T.M., Jacobi, S.K., Lin, X., Jouni, Z.E., Chichlowski, M., Stahl, C.H. and Odle, J. (2013) Dietary Supplementation of Bifidobacterium longum Strain AH1206 Increases Its Cecal Abundance and Elevates Intestinal Interleukin-10 Expression in the Neonatal Piglet. Food Chemical Toxicology, 60, 116-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.020

[7]   Deng, J., Li, Y., Zhang, J. and Yang, Q. (2013) Co-Administration of Bacillus subtilis RJGP16 and Lactobacillus salivarius B1 Strongly Enhances the Intestinal Mucosal Immunity of Piglets. Research in Veterinary Science, 94, 62-68.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.025

[8]   Lee, J.S., Awji, E.G., Lee, S.J., Tassew, D.D., Park, Y.B., Park, K.S., Kim, M.K., Kim, B. and Park, S.C. (2012) Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP243 on the Growth Performance and Cytokine Response of Weaning Pigs Challenged with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Animal Science, 90, 3709-3717.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4434

[9]   Li, X.Q., Zhu, Y.H., Zhang, H.F., Yue, Y., Cai, Z.X., Lu, Q.P., Zhang, L., Weng, X.G., Zhang, F.J., Zhou, D., Yang, J.C. and Wang, J.F. (2012) Risks Associated with High-Dose Lactobacillus rhamnosus in an Escherichia coli Model of Piglet Diarrhoea: Intestinal Microbiota and Immune Imbalances. PLoS ONE, 7, e40666.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040666

[10]   Sasaki, T., Maede, Y. and Namioka, S. (1987) Immunopotentiation of the Mucosa of the Small Intestine of Weaning Piglets by Peptidoglycan. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science, 49, 235-243.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.49.235

[11]   Fujie, H., Villena, J., Tohno, M., Morie, K., Shimazu, T., Aso, H., Suda, Y., Iwabuchi, N., Xiao, J., Iwatsuki, K., Kawai, Y., Saito, T. and Kitazawa, H. (2011) Toll-Like Receptor-2 Activating Bifidobacteria Strains Differentially Regulate Inflammatory Cytokines in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell Culture System: Finding New Anti-Inflammatory Immunobiotics. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 63, 129-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00837.x

[12]   Shimazu, T., Villena, J., Tohno, M., Fujie, H., Hosoya, S., Shimosato, T., Aso, H., Suda, Y., Kawai, Y., Saito, T., Makino, S., Ikegami, S., Itoh, H. and Kitazawa, H. (2012) Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii Elicit Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Modulating Negative Regulators of the Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway. Infection and Immunity, 80, 276-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.05729-11

[13]   Tomosada, Y., Villena, J., Murata, K., Chiba, E., Shimazu, T., Aso, H., Iwabuchi, N., Xiao, J.Z., Saito, T. and Kitazawa, H. (2013) Immunoregulatory Effect of Bifidobacteria Strains in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Modulation of Ubiquitin-Editing Enzyme A20 Expression. PLoS ONE, 8, e59259.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059259

[14]   Villena, J., Suzuki, R., Fujie, H., Chiba, E., Takahashi, T., Shimazu, T., Aso, H., Ohwada, S., Suda, Y., Ikegami, S., Itoh, H., Alvarez, S., Saito, T. and Kitazawa, H. (2012) Immunobiotic Lactobacillus jensenii Modulates Toll-Like Receptor 4-Induced Inflammatory Response via Negative Regulation in Porcine Antigen Presenting Cells. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 19, 1038-1053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00199-12

[15]   Murata, K., Tomosada, Y., Villena, J., Chiba, E., Shimazu, T., Aso, H., Iwabuchi, N., Xiao, J.Z., Saito, T. and Kitazawa, H. (2014) Bifidobacterium breve MCC-117 Induces Tolerance in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Study of the Mechanisms Involved in the Immunoregulatory Effect. Bioscience of the Microbiota, Food and Health, 33, 1-10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.33.1

[16]   Moue, M., Tohno, M., Shimazu, T., Kido, T., Aso, H., Saito, T. and Kitazawa, H. (2008) Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Cytokine Expression Involved in Functional Immune Response in an Originally Established Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocyte Cell Line. Biochimeca and Biophysica Acta, 1780, 134-144.

[17]   Lalles, J.P., Bosia, P., Smidta, H. and Stokes, C.R. (2007) Nutritional Management of Gut Health in Pigs around Weaning. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 66, 260-268.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0029665107005484

[18]   Salva, S., Villena, J. and Alvarez, S. (2010) Differential Immunomodulatory Activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains Isolated from Goat Milk: Impact on Intestinal and Respiratory Infections. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 141, 82-89.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.013

[19]   Chiba, E., Tomosada, Y., Vizoso-Pinto, M.G., Takahashi, T., Tsukida, K., Kitazawa, H., Avarez, S. and Villena, J. (2013) Immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus Improves Resistance of Infant Mice against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. International Immunopharmacolology, 17, 373-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.024

[20]   Roselli, M., Finamore, A., Britti, M.S. and Mengheri, E. (2006) Probiotic Bacteria Bifidobacterium animalis MB5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Protect Intestinal Caco-2 Cells from the Inflammation-Associated Response Induced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. British Journal of Nutrition, 95, 1177-1184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051681

[21]   Roselli, M., Finamore, A., Britti, M.S., Konstantinov, S.R., Smidt, H., de Vos, W.M. and Mengheri, E. (2007) The Novel Porcine Lactobacillus sobrius Strain Protects Intestinal Cells from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 Infection and Prevents Membrane Barrier Damage. Journal of Nutrition, 137, 2709-2716.

[22]   O’Hara, A.M., O’Regan, P., Fanning, A., O’Mahony, C., Macsharry, J., Lyons, A., Bienenstock, J., O’Mahony, L. and Shanahan, F. (2006) Functional Modulation of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cell Responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius. Immunology, 118, 202-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x

[23]   Qin, J., Qian, Y., Yao, J., Grace, C. and Li, X. (2005) SIGIRR Inhibits Interleukin-1 Receptor- and Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Signaling through Different Mechanisms. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 25233-25241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M501363200

[24]   Lech Garlanda, M., Mantovani, C., Kirschning, A., Schlöndorff, C.J. and Anders, D. (2007) Different Roles of TiR8/Sigirr on Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Intrarenal Antigen-Presenting Cells and Tubular Epithelial Cells. Kidney International, 72, 182-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5002293

[25]   Deng, J.C., Cheng, G., Newstead, M.W., Zeng, X., Kobayashi, K., Flavell, R.A. and Standiford, T.J. (2006) Sepsis-Induced Suppression of Lung Innate Immunity Is Mediated by IRAK-M. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 116, 2532-2542.

[26]   Escoll, P., del Fresno, C., García, L., Vallés, G., Lendínez, M.J., Arnalich, F. and López-Collazo, E. (2003) Rapid Up-Regulation of IRAK-M Expression Following a Second Endotoxin Challenge in Human Monocytes and in Monocytes Isolated from Septic Patients. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 311, 465-472.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.019

[27]   Otte, J.M., Cario, E. and Podolsky, D.K. (2004) Mechanisms of Cross Hyporesponsiveness to Toll-Like Receptor Bacterial Ligands in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Gastroenterology, 126, 1054-1070.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.007

[28]   Wang, J., Ouyang, Y., Guner, Y., Ford, H.R. and Grishin, A.V. (2009) Ubiquitin-Editing Enzyme A20 Promotes Tolerance to Lipopolysaccharide in Enterocytes. Journal of Immunology, 183, 1384-1392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0803987

[29]   Lee, E.G., Boone, D.L., Chai, S., Libby, S.L. and Chien, M. (2000) Failure to Regulate TNF-Induced NF-kB and Cell Death Responses in A20-Deficient Mice. Science, 289, 2350-2354.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5488.2350

[30]   Lotz, M., Gutle, D., Walther, S., Menard, S., Bogdan, C. and Hornef, M.W. (2006) Postnatal Acquisition of Endotoxin Tolerance in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 203, 973-984.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050625

[31]   Chassin, C., Kocur, M., Pott, J., Duerr, C.U., Gutle, D. and Lotz, M. (2010) miR-146a Mediates Protective Innate Immune Tolerance in the Neonate Intestine. Cell Host and Microbe, 8, 358-368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2010.09.005

[32]   Riedel, C.U., Foata, F., Philippe, D., Adolfsson, O., Eikmanns, B.J. and Blum, S. (2006) Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bifidobacteria by Inhibition of LPS-Induced NF-kappaB Activation. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 3729-3735.