Theresa A. Nicklas, Carol E. O’Neil, Victor L. Fulgoni

Show more
Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Houston, USA.
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, USA.
Nutrition Impact, LLC, Battle Creek, USA.
Show less

Abstract: Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the association of rice consumption with nutrient intake and diet quality in a recent nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods: NHANES data (2005-2010) were used to assess the association of rice consumption by adults (19+ yrs; N = 14,386) with nutrient intake and diet quality. 24-hour dietary intakes were used to calculate usual intake (UI) of rice consumption using the National Cancer Institute methodology. Rice consumption groups were <0.25, >0.25 to <0.5, >0.5 to <1.0, and >1.0 oz. eq. of UI of rice. Diet quality (using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 [HEI-2005]) was calculated. Covariate adjusted least square means ± SE were determined and quartile trends across the rice consumption categories were examined. Results: Significant (p < 0.001) positive trends (β coefficient across rice consumption categories) were seen for sodium (118.99 mg), dietary fiber (0.57 g), folate (58.24 μg DFE), magnesium (11.83 mg), iron (0.97 mg) and potassium (29.45 mg). Significant negative trends (p < 0.0001) were seen for intakes of saturated fatty acids (－1.75 g), added sugars (－1.31 g); and calcium (－40.46 mg). HEI-2005 also showed a positive trend (p < 0.0001) with rice consumption (5.5 points). HEI-2005 component scores for total fruit (0.07), whole fruit (0.11), dark green/orange vegetables (0.25), total grains (0.10), meat/beans (0.24), and oils (0.15) were higher (p < 0.01) in rice consumers than non-consumers. HEI-2005 component scores for saturated fatty acids (0.63), solid fats, added sugars, and alcohol (1.22) were higher suggesting more favorable intake, but sodium (－0.24) was lower. Conclusion: Overall, consumption of rice should be encouraged to improve nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutrition education can provide ways to reduce sodium added to rice dishes.

Keywords: Rice Consumption; NHANES; Adults; Nutrient Intake; Diet Quality

Cite this paper: Nicklas, T. , O’Neil, C. and Fulgoni, V. (2014) Rice Consumption Is Associated with Better Nutrient Intake and Diet Quality in Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5, 525-532. doi: 10.4236/fns.2014.56062.

References

[1]   Batres-Marquez, S.P., Jensen, H.H. and Upton, J. (2009) Rice Consumption in the United States: Recent Evidence from Food Consumption Surveys. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109, 1719-1727.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2009.07.010

[2]   Moon, M. (2010) USA Rice: An Update on Commodities and Staple Foods. Nutrition Today, 45, 273-277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NT.0b013e3181fd4fbe

[3]   United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Food Consumption and Nutrient Intakes.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodConsumption/FoodAvailSpreadsheets.htm#grains

[4]   United States Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Briefing Rooms. Rice Overview.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice.aspx

[5]   Goodwin, H., Holcomb, R. and Rister, M. (1996) A Study of Asian-American Rice Demand in Houston, Texas. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 27, 41-48.

[6]   US Department of Agriculture (2010) Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/DGAs2010-PolicyDocument.htm

[7]   Department of Health and Human Services, US Department of Agriculture (2005) Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/

[8]   United Stated Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient Data Laboratory.
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search

[9]   Fulgoni III, V., Fulgoni, S., Upton, J. and Moon, M. (2010) Diet Quality and Markers for Human Health in Rice Eaters versus Non-Rice Eaters: An Analysis of the US NHANES, 1999-2004. Nutrition Today, 45, 262-272.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NT.0b013e3181fd4f29

[10]   Sun, Q., Spiegelman, D., van Dam, R.M., Holmes, M.D., Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C., et al. (2010) White Rice, Brown Rice, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 961-969.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.109

[11]   National Center for Health Statistics (2006) Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/nhanes_analytic_guidelines_dec_2005.pdf

[12]   (2007) NHANES: Is My Survey Information Confidential? http://www.cdc.gov/nhanes/pQuestions.htm

[13]   United States Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Extramural Research. National Institutes of Health (2012) NIH Exploratory/Developmental Research Grant Award (R21).
http://www.grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/r21.htm

[14]   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Physician Examination Procedures Manual.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/PE.pdf

[15]   Moshfegh, A.J., Rhodes, D.G., Baer, D.J., Murayi, T., Clemens, J.C., Rumpler, W.V., et al. (2008) The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method Reduces Bias in the Collection of Energy Intakes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88, 324-332.

[16]   Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Heath and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES Dietary Interview Component.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/dietary_03_04.pdf

[17]   US Environmental Protection Agency. What We Eat in America—Food Commodity Intake Database, 2003-2008.
http://fcid.foodrisk.org

[18]   Usual Dietary Intakes: SAS Macros for Analysis of a Single Dietary Component.
http://riskfactor.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/macros_single.html

[19]   United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Research Service. MyPyramid Equivalents Database.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=17558

[20]   U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Healthy Eating Index-2005 Development and Evaluation Technical Report Support Files.
http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/HealthyEatingIndex-2005report.htm

[21]   Kennedy, E., Ohls, J., Carlson, S. and Fleming, K. (1995) The Healthy Eating Index: Design and Applications. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 95, 1103-1108.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00300-2

[22]   Guenther, P.M., Reedy, J. and Krebs-Smith, S.M. (2008) Development of the Healthy Eating Index-2005. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 1896-1901.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.016

[23]   Guenther, P.M., Reedy, J., Krebs-Smith, S.M., Reeve, B.B. (2008) Evaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-2005. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 1854-1864.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.011

[24]   United States Department of Agriculture. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Calculation of the Healthy Eating Index-2005 Component and Total Scores for a Population, Subpopulation, or Group.
www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/HEI/HEI-2005/Readme_HEI2005_NHANES0102PopulationScore.doc

[25]   United States Department of Agriculture. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Healthy Eating Index-2005 Components and Standards for Scoring.
http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/HEI/healthyeatingindex2005factsheet.pdf

[26]   (2009) California Rice Statistics and Related National and International Data. California Rice Commision-Statistical Report. www.calrice.org/pdf/2009-Statistical-Report-FINAL.pdf

[27]   Thompson, J., Onufrak, S., Connell, C., Zoellner, J., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Bogle, M., et al. (2011) Food and Beverage Choices Contributing to Dietary Guidelines Adherence in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Public Health Nutrition, 14, 2099-2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001443