Gravitation is one of the central forces playing an important role in formation of natural systems like galaxies and planets. Gravitational forces between particles of a gaseous cloud transform the cloud into spherical shells and disks of higher density during gravitational contraction. The density can reach that of a solid body. The theoretical model was tested to model the formation of a spiral galaxy and Saturn. The formations of a spiral galaxy and Saturn and its disk are simulated using a novel N-body self-gravitational model. It is demonstrated that the formation of the spirals of the galaxy and disk of the planet is the result of gravitational contraction of a slowly rotated particle cloud that has a shape of slightly deformed sphere for Saturn and ellipsoid for the spiral galaxy. For Saturn, the sphere was flattened by a coefficient of 0.8 along the axis of rotation. During the gravitational contraction, the major part of the cloud transformed into a planet and a minor part transformed into a disk. The thin structured disk is a result of the electromagnetic interaction in which the magnetic forces acting on charged particles of the cloud originate from the core of the planet.
Pavlov, A. (2014) Gravitational transformation of gaseous clouds: The formation of spiral galaxies and disk planets. Natural Science, 6, 151-170. doi: 10.4236/ns.2014.64020.
[1] Newton I. (1687) Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical principles of natural philosophy). [2] Kepler J. (1619) De harmonice monde (The harmony of the world). [3] Cuzzi, J.N., Lissauer, J.J., Esposito, L.W., Holberg, J.B., Marouf, E.A., Tyler, G.L. and Bouschot, A. (1984) Saturn’s rings: Properties and processes. In: Greenberg, R. and Brahic, A., Eds., Planetary Rings, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 73-199. [4] Jeans Sir, J. (1902) The stability of spherical nebulae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 199, 1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1902.0012 [5] Brahic, A. and Sicardy, B. (1981) Apparent thickness of Saturn’s rings. Nature, 289, 447-450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/289447a0 [6] Sicardy, B., Lecacheux, J., Laques, P., Despiau, R. and Auge, A. (1982) Apparent thickness and scattering properties of Saturn’s rings from March 1980 observations. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 108, 296-305. [7] Lane, A.L., Hord, C.W., West, R.A., Esposito, L.W., Coffeen, D.L., Sato, M., Simmons, K.E., Pomphrey, R.B. and Morris, R.B. (1982) Photopolarimetry from Voyager 2: Preliminary results on Saturn, Titan, and the rings. Science, 215, 537-543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.215.4532.537 [8] Rosen, P.A. and Lissauer, J. (1988) The Titan －1:0 nodal bending wave in Saturn’s ring C. Science, 241, 690-694.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4866.690 [9] Chakrabarti, S.K. (1989) The dynamics of particles in the bending waves of planetary rings. MNRAS, 238, 13811394. [10] Rosen, P.A., Tyler, G. A. and Marouf, E.A. (1991) Resonance structures in Saturn’s rings probed by radio occultation: I. Methods and examples. Icarus, 93, 3-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(91)90160-U [11] Sears, F.W. and Salihger, G.L. (1975) Thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and statistical thermodynamics. AddisinWesley Publishing Company, London. [12] Cuzzi, J.N., Lissauer, J.J., Esposito, L.W., Holberg, J.B., Marouf, E.A., Tyler, G.L. and Bouschot, A. (1984) The rings of Saturn. Planetary Rings, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 73-199. [13] Esposito, L.W., Cuzzi, J.N., Holberg, J.B., Marouf, E.A., Tyler, G.L. and Porco, C.C. (1984) Saturn’s rings: Structure, dynamics, and particle properties. Saturn, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 463-545. [14] Nicholson, P.D., Showalter, M.R., Dones, L., French, R.G., Larson, S.M., Lissauer, J.J., McGhee, C.A., Seitzer, P., Sicardy, B. and Danielson, G.E. (1996) Observations of Saturn’s ring-plane crossings in August and November 1995. Science, 272, 509-515.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5261.509 [15] Benacchio, L. and Galletta, G. (1980) Triaxiality in elliptical galaxies. MNRAS, 193, 885-894. [16] Fasano, G. and Vio, R. (1991) Apparent and true flattening distribution of elliptical galaxies. MNRAS, 249, 629633. [17] Franx, M. and se Zeeuw, P.T. (1992) Elongated disks and the scatter in the Tully-Fisher relation. The Astrophysical Journal, 392, L47-L50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/186422 [18] Lambas, D.G., Maddox, S. and Loveday, J. (1992) On the true shapes of galaxies. MNRAS, 258, 404-414. [19] Ryden, B.S. (1996) The intrinsic shapes of stellar systems. The Astrophysical Journal, 461, 146-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/177043