Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Serological Patterns in Benue State, Nigeria
Affiliation(s)
Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Department of Biological Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria. Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
A total of 1535 randomly collected blood specimens from different groups of consenting subjects in Benue State, were screened by ELISA for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibodies (HBsAb), hepatitis B core antibodies (HBcAb), hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) and Hepatitis B core IgM antibodies (HBcIgM). The pattern of occurrence of these HBV markers in each blood sample was used to determine individuals with current, acute or chronic infection histories. Of the 1535 sampled individuals, 1319 (85.9%) showed a serological evidence of exposure to HBV infection, some through natural infection (22.7%) and others (13.0%) through vaccination; 12% of the exposed were inferred to be currently infected and 91.2% chronically infected. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) antigen was also detected in 2.7% of the HBsAg positive individuals; and was encountered more (6.7%) in those with acute hepatitis than those with chronic disease. Thus, there are apparently healthy persons with acute and chronic HBV and HDV infection who may serve as source of infection to others. This calls for a government organized Hepatitis Programme to treat cases of acute and chronic hepatitis and roll out strategy for preventing the spread of HBV infections.
Cite this paper
Mbaawuaga, E. , Iroegbu, C. and Ike, A. (2014) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Serological Patterns in Benue State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, 4, 1-10. doi: 10.4236/ojmm.2014.41001.
Mbaawuaga, E. , Iroegbu, C. and Ike, A. (2014) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Serological Patterns in Benue State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology, 4, 1-10. doi: 10.4236/ojmm.2014.41001.
References
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[1] Hoffman, C.J. and Thio, C.L. (2007) Clinical Implications of HIV and Hepatitis B Co-Infection in Asia and Africa Review. The Lancet Infectious Disease, 7, 402-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70135-4 [2] Carey, I., D’Antiga, L., Bansal, S., Longhi, M.S., Ma, Y., Mesa, I.R., Mieli-Vergani, G. and Vergani, D. (2011) Immune and Viral Profile from Tolerance to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Clearance: A Longitudinal Study of Vertically Hepatitis B Virus Infected Children on Combined Therapy. Journal of Virology, 85, 2416-2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01449-10 [3] WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO (2002) Hepatitis B. http://www.who.int/emc [4] Niro, G.A., Fontana, R., Ippolito, A.M. and Andriulli, A. (2012) Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Hepatitis D Virus. Future Virology, 7, 709-717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.12.61 [5] Nwokediuko, S.C. and Ijeoma, U. (2009) Seroprevalence of Antibody to HDV in Nigerians with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 12, 439-442. [6] Federal Government Population Gazette (2009) Federal Republic of Nigeria. 96, 2. [7] Hilhorst, T., Liere, M.J., Ode, A.V. and de Koning, K. (2006) Impact of AIDS on Rural Livelihoods in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 3, 382-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2006.9724864 [8] WMA (2008) World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki-Ethical Principle for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. 59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, October 2009. http://www.wma.net/en/30publicatons/10policies/b3/index.html [9] Mbaawuaga, E.M., Enenebeaku, M.N.O., Okopi, J.A. and Damen, J.G. (2008) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection among Pregnant Women I Makurdi, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11, 155-159. [10] Mbaawuaga, E.M., Nor, J.S. and Jombo, G.T.A. (2008) Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) among Patients in Makurdi, Benue State. The Nigerian Journal of Pure Applied Science, 1, 48-53. [11] Alao, O.O., Okwori, E.E., Egwu, C. and Audu, F. (2009) Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Prospective Blood Donors in an Urban Area of Benue State. The Internet Journal of Hematology, 5, 12. [12] Amuta, E.U., Houmsow, R.S., Sar, T.T. and Awodi, E.M. (2012) Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B among Hospital Patients in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biology, Pharnacy and Allied Sciences, 1, 29-35. [13] Odimayo, M.S., Adediran, S.O. and Araoye, M.O. (2010) Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Adults Screened for HIV/AIDS in Rural Community in Benue State, Nigeria. African Journal of clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 11, 129-136. [14] Sule, W.F., Okonko, I.O., Yumusa, I.P., Odu, N.N. and Frank-Peterside, N. (2011) Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Risk Factors of Transmission among Patients Attending Hospital in Ankpa, Kogi State, Nigeria. Nature and Science, 9, 37-41. [15] Forbi, F.C., Onyemauwa, N., Gyar, S.D., Oyeleye, A.O., Entonu, P. and Agwale, S.W. (2008) High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus among Female Sex Workers in Nigeria. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 50, 219-221. [16] Adoga, M.P., Edmund, B.B., Forbi, J.C., Nimzing, L., Pam, C.R., Gyar, S.D., Agabi, A.Y. and Agwale, S.M. (2009) Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Seroprevalence, Co-Infection and Risk Factors among Prison Inmates in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries, 3, 539-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.472 [17] Egah, D.Z., Banwat, E.B., Audu, E.S., Iya, D., Mandong, B.M., Anele, A.A. and Gomwalk, N.E. (2005) Hepatitis Surface Antigen, Hepatitis C and HIV Antobodies in Low Risk Blood Donor Group, Nigeria. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 13, 1-6. [18] Uneke, C.J., Ogbu, O., Inyama, P.U., Anyanwu, G.I., Njoku, M.O. and Idoko, J.H. (2005) Prevalence of Hepatitis b Surface Antigen among Blood Donors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in Jos, Nigeria. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, 100, 13-16. [19] Belo, A.C. (2000) Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Markers in Surgeons in Lagos, Nigeria. East African Medical Journal, 77, 283-285. [20] Sanders, R.C., Lewis, D., Dyke, T. and Alpers, M.P. (1992) Markers of Hepatitis B Infection in Tari District, Suthern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. PNG Medical Journal, 35, 197-201. [21] Thabit, A.M., Al-Moyed, K.A., Al-Balushi, M.S., Hasson, S.S. and Sallam, T.A. (2012) Occult Hepatitis B Virus among Chronic Liver Disease Patients in Yemen. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases, 2, 4-6. [22] Allain, J.P. (2004) Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Implications in Transfusion. Vox Sang, 86, 83-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0042-9007.2004.00406.x [23] Nebia, G., Gracia-Diaz, A., Ayliffe, U., Smith, C., Dervisevic, S., Johnson, M., Gilson, R., Tedder, R. and Geretti, A.M. (2007) Predictors and Kinetics of Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV Infected Persons. Journal of Medical Virology, 79, 464-471. [24] Ola, S.O., Otegbayo, J.A., Olaleye, D.O., Olubuyide, I.O., Summerton, C.B. and Bamgboye, E.A. (2009) Occult HBV Infection among a Cohort of Nigerian Adults. Journal of Infections in Developing Countries, 3, 442-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.415 [25] Sadoh, A.E. and Sadoh, W.E. (2013) Serological Markers of Hepatitis B Infections in Infants Presenting for Their First Immunization. Nigeria Journal of Pediatrics, 40, 248-253. [26] Bello, H.S., Isa, M.A., Shettima, A. and Allamin, I.A. (2013) Prevalence of Serological Markers for Acute Hepatitis B Virus among Patients Attending Sokoto Specialist Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 3, 132-135. [27] Tonetto, P.A., Goncales, N.S.L., Fais, V.C., Vagani, A.G., Goncales, E.S.L., Feltrin, A. and Goncales, F.L. (2009) Hepatitis B Virus: Molecular Genotypes and HBeAg Serological Status among HBV-Infected Patients in the Southeast of Brazil. BMC Infectious Diseases, 9, 149. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/9/149 [28] Hadziyannis, S.J. and Vassilopoulos, D. (2001) Immunopathgenesis of Hepatitis Be Antigen Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. Antiviral Research, 52, 91-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00173-5 [29] De Souza, L.A., Demattas, A.A., Fiorini, M., Ribeiro, P. and Tovo, C.V. (2013) Clinical Outcome of a Patient Cohort with Acute Hepatitis B. Clinic (São Paulo), 68, 718-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2013(05)21 [30] Amazigo, U.O. and Chime, A.B. (1990) Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Rural and Urban Populations of Eastern Nigeria: Prevalence of Serological Markers. East African Medical Journal, 67, 539-544. [31] Pennap, G.R., Osanga, E.T. and Ubam, A. (2011) Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria. Research Journal of Medical Science, 5, 80-82. [32] Adagbara, N.U., Ajala, O.O., Momohjimoh, A., Hashimu, Z. and Agabi, A.Y.V. (2012) Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus among Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in the General Hospital Minna, Niger State. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 13. [33] Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) (2010) National HIV Seroprevalence Sentinel Survey. www.nigeria-aids.org/documents/2010_NationalHIVSeroPrevalence SentinelSurvey.pdf [34] Okonko, I.O. and Udeze, A.O. (2011) Detection of Hepatitis b Surface Antigen (HBsAg) among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic of O.L.A Catholic Hospital, Oluyoro, Ibadan, Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria. Nature and Science, 9, 54-60. [35] Ugbebor, O., Aigbinor, M., Osazuwa, F., Enabudoso, E. and Omorogbe, Z. (2012) The Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Viral Infections among Pregnant Women. North American Journal of Medical Science, 3, 238-241. [36] Kolawole, O.M., Wahab, A.A., Adekanle, D.A., Sibanda, T. and Okoh, A.I. (2011) Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigenemia and Its Effects on Hematological Parameters Inpregnant Women in Oshogbo, Nigeria. Virology Journal, 9, 317. http://www.virologyj.com/content/9/1/317 [37] Rabiu, K.A., Akinola, O.I., Adewunmi, A.A., Omololu, O.M. and Ojo, T.O. (2010) Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Obstetric and Gynecology Scand, 89, 1024-1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016349.2010.482580 [38] Gatanaga, H., Hayashida, T., Tanuma, J. and Oka, S. (2013) Prophylactic Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Clinical Infectious Disease, 56, 1812-1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit145 [39] Benhamou, Y., Fleury, H., Trimoulet, P., Pellegrin, I., Urbinelli, R., Katlama, C., Rozenbaum, W., le Teuff, G., Trylesinki, A. and Piketty, C. (2006) Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Efficacy of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in HIV-Infected Patients. Hepatology, 43, 548-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.21055