[1] Misch, C.E. (2007) Contemporary implant dentistry. Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, 26.
[2] Branemark, P.I., Hansson, B.O., Adell, R., Breine, U., Lindstrom, J., Halloeno, O., et al. (1997) Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw: Experience from a 10 year period. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. Supplementum, 16, 1-132.
[3] Steinemann, S.G. (1998) Titanium—The material of choice? Periodontology, 17, 7-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1998.tb00119.x
[4] Massaro, C., Rotolo, P., de Riccardis, F., et al. (2002) Comparative investigation of the surface properties of commercial titanium dental implants: Part I. Chemical composition. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 13, 535-548.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015170625506
[5] Chaturvedi, T.P. (2009) An overview of the corrosion aspect of dental implants (titanium and its alloys). Indian Journal of Dental Research, 20, 91-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.49068
[6] O’Brien, W.J. (1978) Materials used in implantology. In O’Brien, W.J. and Ryge, G., Eds., Dental Materials and Their Selection, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1.
[7] Cochran, G.V., Pawluk, R.J. and Bassett, C.A. (1967) Stress generated electric potentials in mandible and teeth. Archives of Oral Biology, 12, 917-920.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(67)90117-3
[8] Fathi, M.H., Salehi, M., Saatchi, A., et al. (2003) In vitro corrosion behavior of bioceramic, metallic and bioceramic-metallic coated stainlesssteel dental implants. Dental Materials, 19, 188-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00029-5
[9] Kasemo, B. and Lausmaa, J. (1998) Biomaterial and implant surfaces: A surface science approach. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 3, 247-259.
[10] Aziz-Kerrzo, M., Conroy, R.G., Fenelon, A.M., et al. (2001) Electrochemical studies on the stability and corrosion resistance of titanium-based implant materials. Biomaterials, 22, 1531-1539.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00309-4
[11] Huang, H.H. (2002) Effects of fluoride concentration and elastic tensile strain on the corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium. Biomaterials, 23, 59-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00079-5
[12] Toumelin-Chemla, F., Rouellet, F. and Burdairon, G. (1996) Corrosive properties of fluoride containing odontologic gels against titanium. Journal of Dentistry, 24, 109-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(95)00033-X
[13] Vargas, E., Baier, R. and Meyer, A. (1992) Reduce corrosion of cp Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy endosseous dental implant after glow discharge treatment: A preliminary report. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 7, 338-344.
[14] Donachie, M.J. (1987) Introduction. In Donachie, M. J., Ed., Titanium: A Technical Guide. ASM, Metals Park, 9-19.
[15] Barjj, A. (1976) EDS titanium. In James, W.J. and Straumanis, M.E., Eds., Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements, Vol. 5, Dekker, New York, 305-395.
[16] Strietzel, R., Hösch, A., Kalbfleisch, H., et al. (1998) In vitro corrosion of titanium. Biomaterials, 19, 1495-1499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00065-9
[17] Koike, M. and Fujii, H. (2001) The cor-rosion resistance of pure titanium in organic acids. Biomaterials, 22, 2931-2936.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00040-0
[18] Reclaru, L. and Meyer, J.M. (1998) Effects of fluoride on titanium and otherdental alloys in dentistry. Biomaterials, 19, 85-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00179-8
[19] Ferrier, J., Ross, S.M., Kanehisa, J. and Aubin, J.E. (1986) Osteoclasts and osteoblasts migrate in opposite directions in response to a constant electricalfield. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 129, 283-288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041290303
[20] Levin, M. (2007) Large-scale biophysics: Ion flows and regeneration. Trends in Cell Biology, 17, 261-270.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2007.04.007
[21] Burr, D.B., Robling, A.G. and Turner, C.H. (2002) Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals. Bone, 30, 781-786.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00707-X
[22] Duncan, R.L. and Turner, C.H. (1995) Mechano-transduction and the functional response of bone to mechanical strain. Calcified Tissue International, 57, 344-358.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302070
[23] Fukada, E. and Yasuda, I. (1957) On the piezoelectric effect of bone. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 12, 1158-1162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.12.1158
[24] Black, J. (1986) Electrical stimulation: Its role in growth, repair, and remodeling of the musculoskeletal system. Praeger Publishers, New York.
[25] Black, J., Baranowski, T.J. and Brighton, C.T. (1984) Electrochemical aspects of DC stimulation of osteogenesis. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 12, 323-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0302-4598(84)87012-9
[26] Gaber, S., Fischerauer, E.E., Frohlich, E., Janezic, G., Amerstorfer, F. and Weinberg, A.M. (2009) Chondrocyte apoptosis enhanced at the growth plate: Aphyseal response to a diaphyseal fracture. Cell and Tissue Research, 335, 539-549.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-008-0735-0
[27] Gilbert, J.L., Mehta, M. and Pinder, B. (2009) Fretting crevice corrosion of stainless steel stem-Co-Cr femoral head connections: Comparisons of materials, initial moisture, and offset length. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 88, 162-173.
[28] Jacobs, J.J., Urban, R.M., Hallab, N.J., Skipor, A.K., Fischer, A. and Wimmer, M.A. (2009) Metal-on-metal bearing surfaces. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 17, 69-76.
[29] Kumar, S., Narayanan, T.S., Raman, G.S.S. and Seshadri, S.K. (2010) Microstructural and electrochemical characterization. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 119, 337-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.09.007
[30] Geetha, M., Durgalakshmi, D. and Asokamani, R. (2010) Biomedical implants: Corrosion and its prevention—A review. Recent Patents on Corrosion Science, 2, 40-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877610801002010040
[31] Jiang, P., He, X.L., Li, X.X., Yu, L.G. and Wang, H.M. (2000) Wear resistance of a laser surface alloyed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 130, 24-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00680-0
[32] Richard, C., Kowandy, C., Landoulsi, J., Geetha, M. and Ramasawmy, H. (2010) Corrosion and wear behavior of thermally sprayed nano ceramic coatings on commercially pure Titanium and Ti-13Nb-13Zr. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 28, 115-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2009.08.006
[33] Baan, R., Straif, K., Grosse, Y., Secretan, W., El Ghissassi, F., Cogliano, V., et al. (2006) Carcinogenicity of carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc. Lancet Oncology, 7, 295-296.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70651-9