Chemical composition of acid lime leaves infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia
Author(s)
Rashid Al-Yahyai*,
Ali Al-Subhi,
Jamal Al-Sabahi,
Fahad Al-Said,
Khadija Al-Wahaibi,
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Affiliation(s)
Department of Crop Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman. Central Instrumental Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
Department of Crop Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman. Central Instrumental Laboratory, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
ABSTRACT
The production of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) has declined in many parts of the world due to phytoplasmal infection by “Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia”. The resulting Witches’ Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL) causes stem and leaf proliferation and clustering that starts on a few branches and continues to spread until trees are killed within 5-7 years. Recent studies have shown that Phytoplasma alters the chemical composition of leaves. Leaves from WBDL-symptomatic lime trees were collected to determine their volatile compound composition. Phytoplasmal infection was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 in direct and nested PCR, respectively. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of acid lime Phytoplasma were identical with those of WBDL Phytoplasma. The phytochemical composition of symptomatic (infected) and asymptomatic (healthy) leaves of acid lime were determined using GC-MS analysis of steam distilled extract. The WBDL-symptomatic leaves had higher concentration in ?-limonene, β-ocimene and trans-caryophyllene and a reduction in other compounds (i.e. citral, citronellal, cisverbenol, neryl acetate, and linalool). Variations in the leaf phytochemical concentration indicate a possible role in the development of the WBDL disease symptoms.
Cite this paper
Al-Yahyai, R. , Al-Subhi, A. , Al-Sabahi, J. , Al-Said, F. , Al-Wahaibi, K. and Al-Sadi, A. (2014) Chemical composition of acid lime leaves infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 66-70. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.51007.
Al-Yahyai, R. , Al-Subhi, A. , Al-Sabahi, J. , Al-Said, F. , Al-Wahaibi, K. and Al-Sadi, A. (2014) Chemical composition of acid lime leaves infected with Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 66-70. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.51007.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00472.x [4] Lee, I.M., Davis, R.E. and Gundersen-Rindahl, D.E. (2000) Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54, 221-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.221 [5] Bove, J.M. and Garnier, M. (2000) Witches’ broom disease of lime. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 18, 148-152. [6] Firrao, G., Gibb, K. and Streten, C. (2005) Short taxonomic guide to the genus “Candidatus Phytoplasma”. Journal of Plant Pathology, 87, 249-263. [7] Gundersen, D.E. and Lee, I.M. (1996) Ultrasensitive detection of Phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 114-151. [8] Waller J.M. and Bridge J. (1978) Plant diseases and nematodes in the Sultanate of Oman. Pest Articles and News Summaries (PANS), 24, 313-326. [9] Bove, J.M., Garnier, M., Mjeni, A.M. and Khayrallah, A. (1988) Witches’ broom disease of small fruited acid lime trees in Oman: First MLO disease of citrus. Proceedings of the International Organization for Citrus Virologists, 10, 307-309. [10] Zreik, L., Carle, P., Bove, J.M. and Garnier, M. (1995) Characterization of the mycoplasma-like organism associated with witches’ broom disease of lime and proposition of a Candidatus taxon for the organism “Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia”. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 45, 449-453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-45-3-449 [11] Al-Sadi, A.M., Al-Moqbali, H.S., Al-Yahyai, R.A. and Al-Said, F.A. (2012) AFLP data suggest a potential role for the low genetic diversity of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in Oman in the outbreak of witches’ broom disease of lime. Euphytica, 188, 285-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0728-7 [12] Yuan, Z.L., Dai, C.C. and Chen, L.Q. (2007) Regulation and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant-fungus symbiotic system. African Journal Biotechnology, 6, 1266-1271. [13] Guenther, E. (1972) The essential oils. Krieger Publishing Company, New York, 453-454. [14] Fischbach, M.A. and Clardy, J. (2007) One pathway, many products. Nature Chemical Biology, 3, 353-355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio0707-353 [15] Bruni, R., Pellati, F., Bellardi, G.M., Paltrinieri, S., Bertaccini, A. and Bianchi, A. (2005) Herbal drug quality and phytochemical composition of Hypericum perforatum L. affected by ash yellows Phytoplasma infection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 964-968.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0487654 [16] Contaldo, N., Bellardi M.G., Cavicchi L., Epifano F., Genovese S., Curini M. and Bertaccini A. (2011) Phytochemical effects of Phytoplasma infections on essential oil of Monarda fistulosa L. Bulletin of Insectology, 64, S177-S178. [17] Nerio, L.S., Olivero-Verbel, J. and Stashenko, E. (2010) Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101, 372-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048 [18] Saghai-Maroof, M.A., Soliman, K.M., Jorgensen, R.A. and Allard, R.W. (1984) Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location, and population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sconce (USA), 81, 8014-8018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.24.8014 [19] Deng, S.J. and Hiruki, C. (1991) Genetic relatedness between two non-culturable mycoplasma-like organisms revealed by nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology, 81, 1475-1479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-81-1475 [20] Schneider, B., Seemüller, E., Smart, C.D. and Kirkpatrick, B.C. (1995) Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or Phytoplasmas. In: Razin, S. and Tully, J.G. Eds., Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol. I. Academic Press, San Diego, 369-380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012583805-4/50040-6 [21] Khan, A.J., Botti, S., Al-Subhi, A.M., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E. and Bertaccini, A.F. (2002) Molecular identification of a new Phytoplasma associated with alfalfa witches’ broom in Oman. Phytopathology, 92, 1038-1047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1038 [22] Jazet Dongmo, P.M., Tatsadjieu, L.N., Tchinda Sonwa, E., Kuate, J., Amvam Zollo, P.H. and Menut, C. (2009) Essential oils of Citrus aurantifolia from Cameroon and their antifungal activity against Phaeoramularia angolensis. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 354-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2002.9699911 [23] Hudaib, M., Cavrini, V., Bellardi, M.G. and Rubies-Autonell, C. (2002) Characterization of the essential oil of healthy and virus infected Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench plants. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14, 427-430. [24] Mazid, M., Khan, T.A. and Mohammad, F. (2011) Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biology & Medicine, 3, 232-249. [25] Bertaccini, A., Contaldo, N., Benni, A., Curini, M., Genovese, S., Epifano, F. and Bellardi, M.G. (2011) Effetcs of “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” on the volatile chemical content and composition of Grindelia robusta Nutt. Journal of Phytopathology, 159, 124-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01727.x [26] Choi, Y.H., Tapias, E.C., Kim, H.K., Lefeber, A.W.M., Erkelens, C., Verhoeven, J.T.J., Brzin, J., Zel, J. and Verpoorte, R. (2004) Metabolic discrimination of Catharanthus roseus leaves infected by Phytoplasma using 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis1. Plant Physiology, 135, 2398-2410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.041012 [27] Pellati, F., Epifano, F., Contaldo, N., Orlandini, G., Cavicchi, L., Genovese, S., Bertelli, D., Benvenuti, S., Curini, M., Bertaccini, A. and Bellardi, G.M. (2011) Chromatographic methods for metabolite profiling of virus- and Phytoplasma-infected plants of Echinacea purpurea. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 59, 10425-10434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf2025677 [28] Pellati, F., Bruni, R., Bellardi, M.G., Bertaccini, A. and Benvenuti, S. (2009) Optimization and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 3260-3269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.042
[1] Hodgson, R.W. (1967) Horticultural varieties of citrus. In: Reuther, W., Webber, H.J. and Batchelor, L.D. Eds. The Citrus Industry, Vol. I. University of California Press, Berkeley, 431-592. [2] Bové, J.M. (1986) Witches’ broom of lime. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34, 217-218. [3] Hogenhout, S.A., Oshima, K., Ammar, E.D., Kakizawa, S., Kingdom, H.N. and Namba, S. (2008) Phytoplasmas: Bacteria that manipulate plants and insects. Molecular Plant Pathology, 9, 403-423.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00472.x [4] Lee, I.M., Davis, R.E. and Gundersen-Rindahl, D.E. (2000) Phytoplasma: Phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54, 221-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.221 [5] Bove, J.M. and Garnier, M. (2000) Witches’ broom disease of lime. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 18, 148-152. [6] Firrao, G., Gibb, K. and Streten, C. (2005) Short taxonomic guide to the genus “Candidatus Phytoplasma”. Journal of Plant Pathology, 87, 249-263. [7] Gundersen, D.E. and Lee, I.M. (1996) Ultrasensitive detection of Phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 114-151. [8] Waller J.M. and Bridge J. (1978) Plant diseases and nematodes in the Sultanate of Oman. Pest Articles and News Summaries (PANS), 24, 313-326. [9] Bove, J.M., Garnier, M., Mjeni, A.M. and Khayrallah, A. (1988) Witches’ broom disease of small fruited acid lime trees in Oman: First MLO disease of citrus. Proceedings of the International Organization for Citrus Virologists, 10, 307-309. [10] Zreik, L., Carle, P., Bove, J.M. and Garnier, M. (1995) Characterization of the mycoplasma-like organism associated with witches’ broom disease of lime and proposition of a Candidatus taxon for the organism “Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia”. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 45, 449-453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-45-3-449 [11] Al-Sadi, A.M., Al-Moqbali, H.S., Al-Yahyai, R.A. and Al-Said, F.A. (2012) AFLP data suggest a potential role for the low genetic diversity of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in Oman in the outbreak of witches’ broom disease of lime. Euphytica, 188, 285-297.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-012-0728-7 [12] Yuan, Z.L., Dai, C.C. and Chen, L.Q. (2007) Regulation and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant-fungus symbiotic system. African Journal Biotechnology, 6, 1266-1271. [13] Guenther, E. (1972) The essential oils. Krieger Publishing Company, New York, 453-454. [14] Fischbach, M.A. and Clardy, J. (2007) One pathway, many products. Nature Chemical Biology, 3, 353-355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio0707-353 [15] Bruni, R., Pellati, F., Bellardi, G.M., Paltrinieri, S., Bertaccini, A. and Bianchi, A. (2005) Herbal drug quality and phytochemical composition of Hypericum perforatum L. affected by ash yellows Phytoplasma infection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 964-968.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0487654 [16] Contaldo, N., Bellardi M.G., Cavicchi L., Epifano F., Genovese S., Curini M. and Bertaccini A. (2011) Phytochemical effects of Phytoplasma infections on essential oil of Monarda fistulosa L. Bulletin of Insectology, 64, S177-S178. [17] Nerio, L.S., Olivero-Verbel, J. and Stashenko, E. (2010) Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101, 372-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.048 [18] Saghai-Maroof, M.A., Soliman, K.M., Jorgensen, R.A. and Allard, R.W. (1984) Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphisms in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal location, and population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sconce (USA), 81, 8014-8018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.24.8014 [19] Deng, S.J. and Hiruki, C. (1991) Genetic relatedness between two non-culturable mycoplasma-like organisms revealed by nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology, 81, 1475-1479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-81-1475 [20] Schneider, B., Seemüller, E., Smart, C.D. and Kirkpatrick, B.C. (1995) Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or Phytoplasmas. In: Razin, S. and Tully, J.G. Eds., Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology, Vol. I. Academic Press, San Diego, 369-380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012583805-4/50040-6 [21] Khan, A.J., Botti, S., Al-Subhi, A.M., Gundersen-Rindal, D.E. and Bertaccini, A.F. (2002) Molecular identification of a new Phytoplasma associated with alfalfa witches’ broom in Oman. Phytopathology, 92, 1038-1047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1038 [22] Jazet Dongmo, P.M., Tatsadjieu, L.N., Tchinda Sonwa, E., Kuate, J., Amvam Zollo, P.H. and Menut, C. (2009) Essential oils of Citrus aurantifolia from Cameroon and their antifungal activity against Phaeoramularia angolensis. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4, 354-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2002.9699911 [23] Hudaib, M., Cavrini, V., Bellardi, M.G. and Rubies-Autonell, C. (2002) Characterization of the essential oil of healthy and virus infected Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench plants. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14, 427-430. [24] Mazid, M., Khan, T.A. and Mohammad, F. (2011) Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biology & Medicine, 3, 232-249. [25] Bertaccini, A., Contaldo, N., Benni, A., Curini, M., Genovese, S., Epifano, F. and Bellardi, M.G. (2011) Effetcs of “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” on the volatile chemical content and composition of Grindelia robusta Nutt. Journal of Phytopathology, 159, 124-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01727.x [26] Choi, Y.H., Tapias, E.C., Kim, H.K., Lefeber, A.W.M., Erkelens, C., Verhoeven, J.T.J., Brzin, J., Zel, J. and Verpoorte, R. (2004) Metabolic discrimination of Catharanthus roseus leaves infected by Phytoplasma using 1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis1. Plant Physiology, 135, 2398-2410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.041012 [27] Pellati, F., Epifano, F., Contaldo, N., Orlandini, G., Cavicchi, L., Genovese, S., Bertelli, D., Benvenuti, S., Curini, M., Bertaccini, A. and Bellardi, G.M. (2011) Chromatographic methods for metabolite profiling of virus- and Phytoplasma-infected plants of Echinacea purpurea. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 59, 10425-10434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf2025677 [28] Pellati, F., Bruni, R., Bellardi, M.G., Bertaccini, A. and Benvenuti, S. (2009) Optimization and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 3260-3269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.042