Parental Authority Styles of Parents with Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD)
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study is to examine the differences between parents (mothers and fathers) with attention deficit disorders (ADD), and parents without ADD, regarding their characterizing parenting (permissive, authoritarian and authoritative) according to Baumrind (1971, 1991). Many theories have aimed to describe and conceptualize the concept of parental authority . The present research uses Baumrind’s (1971, 1991) theory, which offers three characteristic s of parental authority, addresses the ways in which parents settle the needs of their children, by means of nurturing and limit setting, each according to his typical : permissive, authoritarian and authoritative. The point of departure for this study is, that the parent’s gender in combination with the parent being diagnosed as with ADD, will predict his parental authority . Different researches in the field of Attention Deficit disorders (ADD) point to gender differences in different characteristics along developmental stages from childhood to adulthood (Chen, Seipp, & Johnson, 2008). Thus, we postulated that fathers with ADD will be characterized as with different parenting s than mothers with ADD, and in comparison to a control group. Based on different studies, we assumed that fathers with ADD will be characterized by a less responsible behavior, yet they will be more direct and active; while mothers with ADD will be typified as more invasive, demanding and negative (Berger & Landau, 2009; Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2008). In addition, we hypothesized that fathers with ADD will be found as more permissive compared to the control group, while mothers with ADD would be more authoritative compared to the control group. The sample included 62 men, 30 with ADD and 32 control subjects without ADD, and 61 women, 30 with ADD and 31 without ADD. In order to examine the hypotheses subjects were instructed to reflect upon their parenting in present and/or in the past, and to report it while completing the questionnaire. Parental authoritative was examined by means of the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991), measuring the parenting s as conceptualized by Baumrind. The findings of the research reveal no significant differences between fathers and mothers without ADD, in neither of the parenting s, also no significant difference was found between with ADD and mothers without ADD in each of the parenting s.
The aim of the present study is to examine the differences between parents (mothers and fathers) with attention deficit disorders (ADD), and parents without ADD, regarding their characterizing parenting (permissive, authoritarian and authoritative) according to Baumrind (1971, 1991). Many theories have aimed to describe and conceptualize the concept of parental authority . The present research uses Baumrind’s (1971, 1991) theory, which offers three characteristic s of parental authority, addresses the ways in which parents settle the needs of their children, by means of nurturing and limit setting, each according to his typical : permissive, authoritarian and authoritative. The point of departure for this study is, that the parent’s gender in combination with the parent being diagnosed as with ADD, will predict his parental authority . Different researches in the field of Attention Deficit disorders (ADD) point to gender differences in different characteristics along developmental stages from childhood to adulthood (Chen, Seipp, & Johnson, 2008). Thus, we postulated that fathers with ADD will be characterized as with different parenting s than mothers with ADD, and in comparison to a control group. Based on different studies, we assumed that fathers with ADD will be characterized by a less responsible behavior, yet they will be more direct and active; while mothers with ADD will be typified as more invasive, demanding and negative (Berger & Landau, 2009; Chronis-Tuscano et al., 2008). In addition, we hypothesized that fathers with ADD will be found as more permissive compared to the control group, while mothers with ADD would be more authoritative compared to the control group. The sample included 62 men, 30 with ADD and 32 control subjects without ADD, and 61 women, 30 with ADD and 31 without ADD. In order to examine the hypotheses subjects were instructed to reflect upon their parenting in present and/or in the past, and to report it while completing the questionnaire. Parental authoritative was examined by means of the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) developed by Buri (1991), measuring the parenting s as conceptualized by Baumrind. The findings of the research reveal no significant differences between fathers and mothers without ADD, in neither of the parenting s, also no significant difference was found between with ADD and mothers without ADD in each of the parenting s.
Cite this paper
Doron, H. and Sharbani, A. (2013) Parental Authority Styles of Parents with Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD). Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 43-49. doi: 10.4236/jss.2013.16009.
Doron, H. and Sharbani, A. (2013) Parental Authority Styles of Parents with Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD). Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 43-49. doi: 10.4236/jss.2013.16009.
References
[1] American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., pp. 85-92). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [2] Amiel Laviad, R., Atzaba Poria, N., Auerbach, J. G., Berger, A., & Landau, R. (2009). Parenting of 7-month play, with restrictions on interaction. Infant Behavior & Development, 32, 173-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.007 [3] Balint, S., Czobor, P., Komlosi, S., Meszaros, A., Simon, V., & Bitter, I. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Gender and age related differences in neurocognirion. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1337-1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004236 [4] Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, 1-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0030372 [5] Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004 [6] Baurmeister, J., Shrout, P., Chavez, L., Rubiostipec, M., Ramirez, R., Padilla, L., Anderson, A., Garcia, P., & Canino, G. (2007). ADHD and gender: Are risks and sequqla of ADHD the same for boys and girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 831-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01750.x [7] Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Monuteaux, M., Bober, M., & Cadogen, E. (2004). Gender effects on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 55, 692-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.003 [8] Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., Wilnes, T. E., Frazie, E., & Johnson, M. A. (2002). Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to psychiatric clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 36-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36 [9] Blase, S. L. (2009). Self-reported ADHD and adjustment in college: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054709334446 [10] Bremmer, L. M. (1994). Helping relationships: Processes and meanings (pp. 39-60). Haifa: “Ach” Publishing. [11] Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 110-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13 [12] Carlton, M., Jewell, J. D., Krohn, E. J., Meinz, E., & Scott, V. G. (2008). The differential of mothers’ and fathers’ discipline on preschool children’s home and classroom behavior. North America Journal of Psychology, 10, 173-188. [13] Chen, M., Seipp, C., & Johnson, C. (2008). Mothers’ and fathers’ attributions and beliefs in families of girls and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 39, 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-007-0073-6 [14] Chronis-Tuscano, A., Clarke, T. N., Diaz, Y., Raggi, V. L., Pian, J., & Rooney, M. E. (2008). Associations between maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and parenting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1237-1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9246-4 [15] Cory, M. S., & Cory, G. (1998). Becoming a helper (3rd ed., pp. 2-27). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. [16] Daley, D. M., Psychogiou, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Thompson, M. J. (2008). Do maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms exacerbate or ameliorate the negative effect of chilled attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on parenting? Developmental and Psychopathology, 20, pp. 121-137. [17] Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model (pp. 487-496). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [18] Gerby, I. (1996). The double price: Women status and military service in Israel. Tel Aviv University: Ramot Publishing. [19] Hatev, Y., & Sha’har, A. (2002). ADHD cultural aspects. Nefesh (Soul), 10, 71-77. [20] Hopkins, H., Klein, H. A., & O’bryant, K. (1996). Recalled parental authority style and self-perception in college men and women. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 5-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1996.9914842 [21] Hun Lee, D., Oakland, T., Jackson, G., & Glutting, J. (2008). Estimated prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among college freshmen: Gender, race, and rater effects. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 371- 384. [22] Korat, A. (2008). AD(H)D: Attention deficit disorder among adults. Jerusalem: Keter Publishers LTD. [23] Lavigne, J., Lebailly, S., Hopkins, J., Gouze, K., & Binns, H. (2009). The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-old. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 315-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410902851382 [24] Lerman, M. (2003). Psychological evaluation and diagnosis in ADHD. In: E. Manor, & S. Tiano, (Eds.). Living with ADHD (pp. 193-208). Tel Aviv: Diunon Publishing. [25] Loe, I., Balestrino, M., Phelps, R., Kurs Lasky, M., Chaves Gnecco, D., Paradise, J., & Feldman, H. (2008). Early histories of school aged children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Development, 79, 1853-1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01230.x [26] Murry, C., & Johnson, C. (2006). Parenting in mothers with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 52-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.52 [27] Omer, H. (2008). New authority—In the family, school and community. Beit Shemen: Modan Publishing. [28] Psychogiou, L., Daley, D., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2007). Testing the interactive effect of parent and child ADHD on parenting in mothers and fathers: Further test of the similarity-fit hypothesis. British Journal of Developmental Psychological, 25, 419-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/026151006X170281 [29] Quinn, P. (2005). Treating adolescent girls and woman with ADHD: Gender specific issues. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 579-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20121 [30] Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S. (2009). Untreated ADHD in adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 353-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054708314621 [31] Rucklidge, J., Brown, D., Crawford, S., & Kaplan, B. (2007). Attributional styles and psychosocial functioning of adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 288-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054706289942 [32] Throell, L. B., & Rydell, A.M. (2008). Behaviour problems and social competence deficits associated with symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Effects of age and gender. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34, 584-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00869.x
[1] American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., pp. 85-92). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [2] Amiel Laviad, R., Atzaba Poria, N., Auerbach, J. G., Berger, A., & Landau, R. (2009). Parenting of 7-month play, with restrictions on interaction. Infant Behavior & Development, 32, 173-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.12.007 [3] Balint, S., Czobor, P., Komlosi, S., Meszaros, A., Simon, V., & Bitter, I. (2008). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Gender and age related differences in neurocognirion. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1337-1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004236 [4] Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, 1-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0030372 [5] Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111004 [6] Baurmeister, J., Shrout, P., Chavez, L., Rubiostipec, M., Ramirez, R., Padilla, L., Anderson, A., Garcia, P., & Canino, G. (2007). ADHD and gender: Are risks and sequqla of ADHD the same for boys and girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 831-839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01750.x [7] Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Monuteaux, M., Bober, M., & Cadogen, E. (2004). Gender effects on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited. Society of Biological Psychiatry, 55, 692-700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.003 [8] Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., Wilnes, T. E., Frazie, E., & Johnson, M. A. (2002). Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to psychiatric clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 36-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36 [9] Blase, S. L. (2009). Self-reported ADHD and adjustment in college: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054709334446 [10] Bremmer, L. M. (1994). Helping relationships: Processes and meanings (pp. 39-60). Haifa: “Ach” Publishing. [11] Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 110-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13 [12] Carlton, M., Jewell, J. D., Krohn, E. J., Meinz, E., & Scott, V. G. (2008). The differential of mothers’ and fathers’ discipline on preschool children’s home and classroom behavior. North America Journal of Psychology, 10, 173-188. [13] Chen, M., Seipp, C., & Johnson, C. (2008). Mothers’ and fathers’ attributions and beliefs in families of girls and boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 39, 85-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-007-0073-6 [14] Chronis-Tuscano, A., Clarke, T. N., Diaz, Y., Raggi, V. L., Pian, J., & Rooney, M. E. (2008). Associations between maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and parenting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1237-1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9246-4 [15] Cory, M. S., & Cory, G. (1998). Becoming a helper (3rd ed., pp. 2-27). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. [16] Daley, D. M., Psychogiou, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Thompson, M. J. (2008). Do maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms exacerbate or ameliorate the negative effect of chilled attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on parenting? Developmental and Psychopathology, 20, pp. 121-137. [17] Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model (pp. 487-496). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [18] Gerby, I. (1996). The double price: Women status and military service in Israel. Tel Aviv University: Ramot Publishing. [19] Hatev, Y., & Sha’har, A. (2002). ADHD cultural aspects. Nefesh (Soul), 10, 71-77. [20] Hopkins, H., Klein, H. A., & O’bryant, K. (1996). Recalled parental authority style and self-perception in college men and women. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 5-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1996.9914842 [21] Hun Lee, D., Oakland, T., Jackson, G., & Glutting, J. (2008). Estimated prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among college freshmen: Gender, race, and rater effects. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41, 371- 384. [22] Korat, A. (2008). AD(H)D: Attention deficit disorder among adults. Jerusalem: Keter Publishers LTD. [23] Lavigne, J., Lebailly, S., Hopkins, J., Gouze, K., & Binns, H. (2009). The prevalence of ADHD, ODD, depression, and anxiety in a community sample of 4-year-old. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 315-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410902851382 [24] Lerman, M. (2003). Psychological evaluation and diagnosis in ADHD. In: E. Manor, & S. Tiano, (Eds.). Living with ADHD (pp. 193-208). Tel Aviv: Diunon Publishing. [25] Loe, I., Balestrino, M., Phelps, R., Kurs Lasky, M., Chaves Gnecco, D., Paradise, J., & Feldman, H. (2008). Early histories of school aged children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Development, 79, 1853-1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01230.x [26] Murry, C., & Johnson, C. (2006). Parenting in mothers with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 52-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.52 [27] Omer, H. (2008). New authority—In the family, school and community. Beit Shemen: Modan Publishing. [28] Psychogiou, L., Daley, D., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2007). Testing the interactive effect of parent and child ADHD on parenting in mothers and fathers: Further test of the similarity-fit hypothesis. British Journal of Developmental Psychological, 25, 419-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/026151006X170281 [29] Quinn, P. (2005). Treating adolescent girls and woman with ADHD: Gender specific issues. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 579-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20121 [30] Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S. (2009). Untreated ADHD in adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 353-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054708314621 [31] Rucklidge, J., Brown, D., Crawford, S., & Kaplan, B. (2007). Attributional styles and psychosocial functioning of adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 288-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054706289942 [32] Throell, L. B., & Rydell, A.M. (2008). Behaviour problems and social competence deficits associated with symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Effects of age and gender. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34, 584-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00869.x