Development of Cu Nanoparticle Loaded Oil Palm Fibre Reinforced Nanocomposite
Author(s)
Ridzuan Ramli*,
Maksudur Rahman Khan,
Najmul Kabir Chowdhury,
Mohammad Dalour Hossen Beg,
Rohaya Mohamed Halim,
Astimar Abdul Aziz,
Zawawi Ibrahim,
Nahrul Hayawin Zainal
Affiliation(s)
Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia.
Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan, Malaysia.
ABSTRACT
Functionalized copper nanoparticles (FCuNPs) have been synthesized by chemical reduction method and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) performed as a stabilizer in that medium. Analysis observed that the average size of the synthesized FCuNPs was 3.5 nm. The obtained FCuNPs were loaded in the oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) natural fibre. Before the loading of FCuNPs in EFB fibres, the surface of the fibres is tailored by the cationic agent CHPTAC since they have a natural tendency to exhibit negatively charged surface owing to the presence of large amount of hydroxyl groups. Thereafter, different types of composite were developed and their properties were studied. The composites were developed by using the untreated empty fruit bunch (UEFB) fibres and FCuNPs loaded EFB (NP-CAEFB) fibres with commercially available unsaturated polyester resin (UPER). The synthesized composites were characterized through FTIR, FESEM, XRD, DSC, tensile strength tests, etc. The obtained biodegradation results indicated that significant weight loss was not observed for neat PER and PER/FNP-CAEFB nanocomposite, whereas, the UEFB/VUPER composite showed ca. 21.4% weight loss at 90 days, which was considered rationally due to the preferential degradation of the fibre.
Cite this paper
Ramli, R. , Khan, M. , Chowdhury, N. , Beg, M. , Halim, R. , Aziz, A. , Ibrahim, Z. and Zainal, N. (2013) Development of Cu Nanoparticle Loaded Oil Palm Fibre Reinforced Nanocomposite. Advances in Nanoparticles, 2, 358-365. doi: 10.4236/anp.2013.24049.
Ramli, R. , Khan, M. , Chowdhury, N. , Beg, M. , Halim, R. , Aziz, A. , Ibrahim, Z. and Zainal, N. (2013) Development of Cu Nanoparticle Loaded Oil Palm Fibre Reinforced Nanocomposite. Advances in Nanoparticles, 2, 358-365. doi: 10.4236/anp.2013.24049.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030600550505
[1] D. B. Hall, P. Underhill and J. M. Torkelson, “Spin Coating of Thin and Ultrathin Polymer Films,” Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol. 38, No. 12, 1998, pp. 2039-2045. [2] A. F. Miller, “Exploiting Wrinkle Formation,” Science, Vol. 317, No. 5838, 2007, pp. 605-606.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1146680 [3] C. Rotella, S. Napolitano and M. Wulbbenhorst, “Segmental Mobility and Glass Transition Temperature of Freely Suspended Ultrathin Polymer Membranes,” Macromolecules, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1415-1417.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma8027968 [4] V. V. Tsukruk, “Assembly of Supramolecular Polymers in Ultrathin Films,” Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1997, pp. 247-311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00005-6 [5] L. D. Pérez, J. F. López, V. H. Orozco, T. Kyu and B. L. López, “Effect of the Chemical Characteristics of Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 on Morphological, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Composites Based on Polystyrene,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 111, No. 5, 2009, pp. 2229-2237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29245 [6] A. F. Vargas, W. Brostow, H. E. Hagg Lobland, B. L. Lopez and O. Olea-Mejia, “Reinforcement of Polymeric Latexes by in Situ Polymerization,” Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 11, 2009, pp. 6661-6667.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.1329 [7] H. Zou, S. Wu and J. Shen, “Polymer/Silica Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties, and Applications,” Chemical Reviews, Vol. 108, No. 9, 2008, pp. 3893-3957. [8] C. Jiang, S. Markutsya, Y. Pikus and V. V. Tsukruk, “Freely Suspended Nanocomposite Membranes as Highly Sensitive Sensors,” Nature Materials, Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 721-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1212 [9] M. N. K. Chowdhury, M. D. H. Beg, M. R. Khan and M. F. Mina, “Modification of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers by Nanoparticle Impregnation and Alkali Treatment,” Cellulose, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2013, pp. 1477-1490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9921-7 [10] T. Inagaki, H. W. Siesler, K. Mitsui and S. Tsuchikawa, “Difference of the Crystal Structure of Cellulose in Wood after Hydrothermal and Aging Degradation: A NIR Spectroscopy and XRD Study,” Biomacromolecules, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2010, pp. 2300-2305.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm100403y [11] H. X. Zhang, U. Siegert, R. Liu and W. B. Cai, “Facile Fabrication of Ultrafine Copper Nanoparticles in Organic Solvent,” Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 4, 2009, pp. 705-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9301-2 [12] W. Yu, H. Q. Xie, L. F. Chen, Y. Li and C. Zhang, “Synthesis and Characterization of Monodispersed Copper Colloids in Polar Solvents,” Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 4, 2009, pp. 465-470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9264-3 [13] M. N. K. Chowdhury, M. D. H. Beg, Maksudur R. Khan and M. F. Mina, “Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Performances in Natural Fibres,” Materials Letters, Vol. 98, 2013, pp. 26-29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.02.024 [14] A. Dutta, G. A. Hamilton, H. E. Hartnett and A. K. Jones, “Construction of Heterometallic Clusters in a Small Peptide Scaffold as [NiFe]-Hydrogenase Models: Development of a Synthetic Methodology,” Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 51, No. 18, 2012, pp. 9580-9588.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic2026818 [15] M. Pluta and A. Galeski, “Crystalline and Supermolecular Structure of Polylactide in Relation to the Crystallization Method,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 86, No. 6, 2002, pp. 1386-1395. [16] V. Vilay, M. Mariatti, R. M. Taib and M. Todo, “Effect of Fiber Surface Treatment and Fiber Loading on the Properties of Bagasse Fiber-Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites,” Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 68, No. 3-4, 2008, pp. 631-638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.10.005 [17] A. Vazquez and V. A. Dominguez, “Bagasse FiberPolypropylene Based Composites,” Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, Vol. 12, No. 6, 1999, pp. 477-497. [18] S. Ochi, “Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Fibers and Kenaf/PLA Composites,” Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 40, No. 4-5, 2008, pp. 446-452.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.10.006 [19] S. Joseph, K. Joseph and S. Thomas, “Green Composites from Natural Rubber and Oil Palm Fiber: Physical and Mechanical Properties,” International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials, Vol. 55, No. 11, 2006, pp. 925-945.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030600550505