Profiling users and non-users of senior services
Affiliation(s)
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, USA. University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, USA.
Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, USA. University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, USA.
ABSTRACT
The goal of this study was to determine whether or not older adults who utilized community nutrition services were more or less able to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), or Physical Activities (PA) than non-users. In surveying older adults aged 60 - 103 (n = 1065), it was determined that service users were older, frailer, living alone, and less able to perform ADLs, IADLs, or PAs than non-users. However, within the non-service user group, a subset of nonusers was identified as those who were infirm, malnourished, less active, and unable to perform ADLs. Both users and non-users of community nutrition programs would benefit greatly, with services recalibrated to serve these community-dwelling, but needy older adults.
The goal of this study was to determine whether or not older adults who utilized community nutrition services were more or less able to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), or Physical Activities (PA) than non-users. In surveying older adults aged 60 - 103 (n = 1065), it was determined that service users were older, frailer, living alone, and less able to perform ADLs, IADLs, or PAs than non-users. However, within the non-service user group, a subset of nonusers was identified as those who were infirm, malnourished, less active, and unable to perform ADLs. Both users and non-users of community nutrition programs would benefit greatly, with services recalibrated to serve these community-dwelling, but needy older adults.
Cite this paper
Heuberger, R. and Caudell, K. (2013) Profiling users and non-users of senior services. Advances in Aging Research, 2, 144-153. doi: 10.4236/aar.2013.24021.
Heuberger, R. and Caudell, K. (2013) Profiling users and non-users of senior services. Advances in Aging Research, 2, 144-153. doi: 10.4236/aar.2013.24021.
References
[1] Colello, K.J. (2011) Older Americans act: Title III nutriation services program. CRS Report for Congress.
http://www.aging.senate.gov/crs/nutrition1.pdf [2] US Census Bureau (2009) Current population survey, annual social and economic supplement.
http://www.census.gov/cps [3] Administration on Aging (2013) A profile of older Americans.
http://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/aging_statistics/Profile/2009/3.aspx [4] US Administration on Aging (2013) Unofficial compilation of the Older Americans Act of 1965, as amended in 2006 (Public Law 108-365).
http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/OAA/oaa_full.asp#_Toc153957702 [5] State Program Report (2009) Data from administration on aging, aging integrated database. http://www.agidnet.org [6] Myer, C. (2004) The tea and toast syndrome. Generations, 28, 92-94. [7] Kirk, A.B. and Alessi, H.D. (2002) Rural senior service centers: A study of the impact on quality of life issues. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 26, 51-64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J016v26n03_04 [8] Turner, K.W. (2004) Senior citizens centers: What they offer, who participates, and what they gain. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 43, 37-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J083v43n01_04 [9] Napilli, A. and Colello, J.K. (2011) Funding for the older Americans act and other administration on aging programs.
http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/OAA/Aging_Network/State_Allocations [10] Senior Corps (2012) What is senior corps?
http://www.seniorcorps.gov/Default.asp [11] Fries, J.F. (2000) Compression of morbidity in the elderly. Vaccine, 18, 1584-1589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00490-9 [12] Wolff, J.L., Boult, C. and Boyd, C. (2005) Newly reported chronic conditions and onset of functional dependency. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 53, 851-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53262.x [13] Cohen-Mansfield, J. and Frank, J. (2008) Relationship between perceived and assessed needs for services in community-dwelling older persons. The Gerontologist, 48, 505-516.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/48.4.505 [14] Crimmens, E.M., Hayward, M.D., Hagedorm, A., Siato, Y. and Brouard, N. (2009) Change in disability-free life expectancy for Americans 70 years and older. Demography, 46, 627-646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0070 [15] Gillen, M. and Hyongsoo, K. (2009) Older women and poverty transition: Consequences of income source change from widowhood. Journal Applied Gerontology, 28, 320341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464808326953 [16] Wu, K.B. (2010) AARP fact sheet.
http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/ppi/econ-sec/fs205-economic2.pdf [17] Parish, S.L., Rose, R.A. and Andrews, M.E. (2009) Income and material hardship among US women with disabilities. Social Service Review, 83, 33-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598755 [18] Meyer, M.H., Wolf, D.A. and Himes, C.L. (2006) How will declining rates of marriage reshape eligibility or social security? Policy Brief, 33, 1-21.
http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=cpr [19] Burr, J.A., Mutchler, J.E. and Warren, J.P. (2005) State commitment to home and community-based services: Effects on independent living for older unmarried women. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 17, 1-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J031v17n01_01 [20] Lee, G.R., DeMaris, A. and Bavin, S. (2001) Gender differences in the effect of widowhood in later life. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological and Social Sciences, 56B, S56-S61. [21] Sanders, S. (2007) Experiences of rural male caregivers of older adults with their informal support networks. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 49, 97-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J083v49n04_06 [22] Krout, J.A., Cutler, S.J. and Coward, R.T. (1990) Correlates of senior center participation: A national analysis. The Gerontologist, 30, 72-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/30.1.72 [23] Freedman, V.A., Schoeni, R.F., Martin, L.G. and Conman, J.C. (2007) Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability. Demography, 44, 459-477.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0026 [24] Beverly, C.J., Mcatee, R., Costello, J., Chernoff, R. and Casteel, J. (2007) Needs assessment of rural communities: Focus on older adults. Journal of Community Health, 30, 197-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-004-1958-y [25] Aday, R.H., Kehoe, G.C. and Farney, L.A. (2006) Impact of senior center friendships on aging women who live alone. Journal of Women and Aging, 18, 57-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J074v18n01_05 [26] Krout, J.A. (1983) Knowledge and use of services by the elderly: A critical review of literature. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 17, 153-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1MNA-NUFX-NHMV-QDBH [27] Hubert, H.B., Bloch, D.A., Oehlert, J.W. and Fries, J.F. (2002) Lifestyle habits and compression of morbidity. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A, M347M351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.6.M347 [28] Ma, J., Betts, N.M. and Hampl, J.S. (2000) Clustering of lifestyle behaviors: The relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary intake. American Journal of Health Promotion, 15, 107-117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-15.2.107 [29] Chen, H. and Guo, X. (2008) Obesity and functional disability in elderly Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 689-694.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01624.x [30] Sawatzky, R., Liu-Ambrose, T., Miller, W.C. and Marra, C.A. (2007) Physical activity as a mediator of the impact of chronic conditions on quality of life in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 68.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-68 [31] Felix, H.C. (2008) Personal care assistance needs of obese elders entering nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9, 319-326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.011 [32] Malone Beach, E.E. and Langeland, K.L. (2011) Boomers’ prospective need for services: A survey of persons 50-59. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 54, 116123. [33] Netz, Y., Wu, M., Becker, B.J. and Tenebaum, G. (2005) Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced ate: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20, 272-284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272 [34] Bruce, B., Fries, J.F. and Hubert, H. (2008) Regular vigorous physical activity and disability development in healthy overweight and normal-weight seniors: A 13-year study. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1294-1299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119909 [35] Aday, R.H. (2003) Identifying important linkages between successful aging and senior center participation. The Joint Conference of the National Council on Aging/ American Society on Aging, Chicago, 12-16 March 2003. [36] Hsieh, Y.M., Sung, T.S. and Wan, K.S. (2010) A survey of nutrition and health status of solitary and non-solitary elders in Taiwan. The Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging, 14, 11-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-010-0003-3 [37] Aliabadi, M., Kimiagar, M., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Shakeri, M.T., Nematy, M., Ilaty, A.A., Moosavi, A.R. and Lanham-New, S. (2008) Prevalence of malnutrition in free living elderly people in Iran: A cross-sectional study. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17, 285-289. [38] Date, C., Yamaguchi, M. and Tanaka, H. (1996) Development of a food frequency questionnaire. Journal of Epidemiology, 6, S131-S136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.3sup_131 [39] Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (2013) 24-hour recalls.
http://sharedresources.fhcrc.org/services/dietary-recalls [40] Nestle Nutrition Institute (2009) The MNA revisited: What does the data tell us?
http://www.mna-elderly.com/MNA_proceedings.pdf [41] Washburn, R.A., Smith, K.W., Jette, A.M. and Janney, C.A. (1993) The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46, 153-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 [42] Ware Jr., J.E. and Sherbourne, C.D. (1992) The MOS 36item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002
[1] Colello, K.J. (2011) Older Americans act: Title III nutriation services program. CRS Report for Congress.
http://www.aging.senate.gov/crs/nutrition1.pdf [2] US Census Bureau (2009) Current population survey, annual social and economic supplement.
http://www.census.gov/cps [3] Administration on Aging (2013) A profile of older Americans.
http://www.aoa.gov/aoaroot/aging_statistics/Profile/2009/3.aspx [4] US Administration on Aging (2013) Unofficial compilation of the Older Americans Act of 1965, as amended in 2006 (Public Law 108-365).
http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/OAA/oaa_full.asp#_Toc153957702 [5] State Program Report (2009) Data from administration on aging, aging integrated database. http://www.agidnet.org [6] Myer, C. (2004) The tea and toast syndrome. Generations, 28, 92-94. [7] Kirk, A.B. and Alessi, H.D. (2002) Rural senior service centers: A study of the impact on quality of life issues. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 26, 51-64.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J016v26n03_04 [8] Turner, K.W. (2004) Senior citizens centers: What they offer, who participates, and what they gain. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 43, 37-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J083v43n01_04 [9] Napilli, A. and Colello, J.K. (2011) Funding for the older Americans act and other administration on aging programs.
http://www.aoa.gov/AoARoot/AoA_Programs/OAA/Aging_Network/State_Allocations [10] Senior Corps (2012) What is senior corps?
http://www.seniorcorps.gov/Default.asp [11] Fries, J.F. (2000) Compression of morbidity in the elderly. Vaccine, 18, 1584-1589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00490-9 [12] Wolff, J.L., Boult, C. and Boyd, C. (2005) Newly reported chronic conditions and onset of functional dependency. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 53, 851-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53262.x [13] Cohen-Mansfield, J. and Frank, J. (2008) Relationship between perceived and assessed needs for services in community-dwelling older persons. The Gerontologist, 48, 505-516.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/48.4.505 [14] Crimmens, E.M., Hayward, M.D., Hagedorm, A., Siato, Y. and Brouard, N. (2009) Change in disability-free life expectancy for Americans 70 years and older. Demography, 46, 627-646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0070 [15] Gillen, M. and Hyongsoo, K. (2009) Older women and poverty transition: Consequences of income source change from widowhood. Journal Applied Gerontology, 28, 320341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464808326953 [16] Wu, K.B. (2010) AARP fact sheet.
http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/ppi/econ-sec/fs205-economic2.pdf [17] Parish, S.L., Rose, R.A. and Andrews, M.E. (2009) Income and material hardship among US women with disabilities. Social Service Review, 83, 33-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598755 [18] Meyer, M.H., Wolf, D.A. and Himes, C.L. (2006) How will declining rates of marriage reshape eligibility or social security? Policy Brief, 33, 1-21.
http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=cpr [19] Burr, J.A., Mutchler, J.E. and Warren, J.P. (2005) State commitment to home and community-based services: Effects on independent living for older unmarried women. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 17, 1-18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J031v17n01_01 [20] Lee, G.R., DeMaris, A. and Bavin, S. (2001) Gender differences in the effect of widowhood in later life. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological and Social Sciences, 56B, S56-S61. [21] Sanders, S. (2007) Experiences of rural male caregivers of older adults with their informal support networks. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 49, 97-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J083v49n04_06 [22] Krout, J.A., Cutler, S.J. and Coward, R.T. (1990) Correlates of senior center participation: A national analysis. The Gerontologist, 30, 72-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/30.1.72 [23] Freedman, V.A., Schoeni, R.F., Martin, L.G. and Conman, J.C. (2007) Chronic conditions and the decline in late-life disability. Demography, 44, 459-477.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0026 [24] Beverly, C.J., Mcatee, R., Costello, J., Chernoff, R. and Casteel, J. (2007) Needs assessment of rural communities: Focus on older adults. Journal of Community Health, 30, 197-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-004-1958-y [25] Aday, R.H., Kehoe, G.C. and Farney, L.A. (2006) Impact of senior center friendships on aging women who live alone. Journal of Women and Aging, 18, 57-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J074v18n01_05 [26] Krout, J.A. (1983) Knowledge and use of services by the elderly: A critical review of literature. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 17, 153-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1MNA-NUFX-NHMV-QDBH [27] Hubert, H.B., Bloch, D.A., Oehlert, J.W. and Fries, J.F. (2002) Lifestyle habits and compression of morbidity. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A, M347M351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/57.6.M347 [28] Ma, J., Betts, N.M. and Hampl, J.S. (2000) Clustering of lifestyle behaviors: The relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary intake. American Journal of Health Promotion, 15, 107-117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-15.2.107 [29] Chen, H. and Guo, X. (2008) Obesity and functional disability in elderly Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 689-694.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01624.x [30] Sawatzky, R., Liu-Ambrose, T., Miller, W.C. and Marra, C.A. (2007) Physical activity as a mediator of the impact of chronic conditions on quality of life in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 68.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-68 [31] Felix, H.C. (2008) Personal care assistance needs of obese elders entering nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9, 319-326.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.01.011 [32] Malone Beach, E.E. and Langeland, K.L. (2011) Boomers’ prospective need for services: A survey of persons 50-59. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 54, 116123. [33] Netz, Y., Wu, M., Becker, B.J. and Tenebaum, G. (2005) Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced ate: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychology and Aging, 20, 272-284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.272 [34] Bruce, B., Fries, J.F. and Hubert, H. (2008) Regular vigorous physical activity and disability development in healthy overweight and normal-weight seniors: A 13-year study. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1294-1299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.119909 [35] Aday, R.H. (2003) Identifying important linkages between successful aging and senior center participation. The Joint Conference of the National Council on Aging/ American Society on Aging, Chicago, 12-16 March 2003. [36] Hsieh, Y.M., Sung, T.S. and Wan, K.S. (2010) A survey of nutrition and health status of solitary and non-solitary elders in Taiwan. The Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging, 14, 11-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-010-0003-3 [37] Aliabadi, M., Kimiagar, M., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Shakeri, M.T., Nematy, M., Ilaty, A.A., Moosavi, A.R. and Lanham-New, S. (2008) Prevalence of malnutrition in free living elderly people in Iran: A cross-sectional study. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 17, 285-289. [38] Date, C., Yamaguchi, M. and Tanaka, H. (1996) Development of a food frequency questionnaire. Journal of Epidemiology, 6, S131-S136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.6.3sup_131 [39] Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (2013) 24-hour recalls.
http://sharedresources.fhcrc.org/services/dietary-recalls [40] Nestle Nutrition Institute (2009) The MNA revisited: What does the data tell us?
http://www.mna-elderly.com/MNA_proceedings.pdf [41] Washburn, R.A., Smith, K.W., Jette, A.M. and Janney, C.A. (1993) The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46, 153-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90053-4 [42] Ware Jr., J.E. and Sherbourne, C.D. (1992) The MOS 36item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002