Biotic Stress Induced Biochemical and Isozyme Variations in Ginger and Tomato by Ralstonia solanacearum
Affiliation(s)
Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India;. Envi- ronmental Studies Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM), Calicut, India..
Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Malappuram, India;. Envi- ronmental Studies Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM), Calicut, India..
ABSTRACT
This unique study
evaluates the effects of Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) induced biotic stress in
two cultivars, Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). They were grown in pots and hydroponic systems
with controls; to induce biotic stress, about 8 × 104 colony forming units of Rs suspension was injected into the healthy test plants.
Upon induction of Rs stress, highly significant (p < 0.01) biochemical changes (%) were noticed
in respect to controls: carbohydrate content was generally high in both plants;
while they showed decreased starch and protein contents; phenolics showed a swing
of decrease or increase between pot and hydroponic systems; and all plants in general
showed higher (3-6 fold) proline content upon induction of biotic stress.
Regarding oxidative stress isozymes (OSE), superoxide dismutase (EC
Cite this paper
S. Sreedevi, K. Nanu Remani and S. Benjamin, "Biotic Stress Induced Biochemical and Isozyme Variations in Ginger and Tomato by Ralstonia solanacearum," American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 8, 2013, pp. 1601-1610. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.48194.
S. Sreedevi, K. Nanu Remani and S. Benjamin, "Biotic Stress Induced Biochemical and Isozyme Variations in Ginger and Tomato by Ralstonia solanacearum," American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 8, 2013, pp. 1601-1610. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.48194.
References
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[1] S. Genin and T. P. Denny, “Pathogenomics of the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex,” Annual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 50, No. 1, 2012, pp. 67-89. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-173000 [2] M. Fegan and P. Prior, “Recent Developments in the Phylogeny and Classification of Ralstonia solanacearum,” Presentation at the 1st International Tomato Symposium, Orlando, 2004. [3] T. P. Denny, “Plant Pathogenic Ralstonia Species,” In: S. S. Gnanamanickam, Ed., Plant Associated Bacteria, Part 3, Springer, 2006, pp. 573-644. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4538-7_16 [4] E. B. French, L. Gutarra, P. Alev and J. Elphinstone, “Culture Media for Ralstonia Solanacearum Isolation, Identification and Maintenance,” Phytopathology, Vol. 30, No. 3, 1995, pp. 126-130. [5] A. F. Wimer, S. L. Rideout and J. H. Freeman, “Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Tomato Bacterial Wilt on Virginia’s Eastern Shore,” Hort Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2011, pp. 19. [6] M. L. Paret, A. S. De Silva, R. A. Criley and A. M. Alvarez, “Ralstonia solanacearum Race 4: Risk Assessment for Edible Ginger and Floricultural Ginger Industries in Hawaii,” Hort Technology, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2008, pp. 90-96. [7] R. B. Smitha, T. Bennans, C. Mohankumar and S. Benjamin, “Oxidative Stress Enzymes in Ficus religiosa L.: Biochemical, Histochemical and Anatomical Evidences,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 95, No. 1, 2009, pp. 17-25. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.12.004 [8] R. Mittler, “Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants and Stress Tolerance,” Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 7, No. 9, 2002, pp. 405-410. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9 [9] A. L. Carlos, and S. B. Leonardo, “Biovar-Specific and Broad-Spectrum Sources of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) in Capsicum,” Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2004, pp. 350-355. [10] K. P. Asish, B. D. Anath and M. Prasanna, “Defense Potentials to NaCl in a Mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora: Differential Changes of Isoforms of Some Antioxidative Enzymes,” Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 161, No. 5, 2004, pp. 531-542. [11] H. D. Shew and G. B. Lucas, “Compendium of Tobacco Diseases,” American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 1991. [12] A. Kelman, “The Relationship of Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas solanacearum to Colony Appearance in a Tetrazolium Medium,” Phytopathology, Vol. 44, No. 12, 1954, pp. 693-695. [13] J. W. Shive and W. R. Robbins, “Methods of Growing Plants in Solution and Sand Cultures,” Vol. 636, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, 1937. [14] S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, “Biochemical Methods for Agricultural Sciences,” Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1992. [15] O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall, “Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 193, No. 1, 1951, pp. 265-275. [16] U. K. Laemmli, “Cleavage of Structural Protein during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4,” Nature, Vol. 227, 1970, pp. 680-685. doi:10.1038/227680a0 [17] S. D. Ravindranath and I. Fridovich, “Isolation and Characterization of Manganese Containing SOD from Yeast,” Journal of Biochemistry, Vol. 250, No. 15, 1975, pp. 6107-6112. [18] J. G. Elphinstone, “The Current Bacterial Wilt Situation: A Global Overview. Bacterial Wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex,” American Phytopathological Society (APS Press), St. Paul, 2005. [19] H. Jahr, J. Dreier, D. Meletzus, R. Bahro and R. Eichenlaub, “The Endo-β-1, 4-glucanase CelA of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a Pathogenicity Determinant Required for Induction of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato,” Molecular Plant and Microbe Interraction, Vol. 13, No. 7, 2000, pp. 703-714. doi:10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.7.703 [20] P. K. Sambasivam and D. Girija, “Biochemical Charac-terization of Ralstonia solanacearum Infecting Ginger,” Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2006, pp. 419-423. [21] M. N. Jithesh, S. R. Prashanth, K. R. Sivaprakash and A. K. Parida, “Antioxidative Response Mechanisms in Halophytes: Their Role in Stress Defence,” Journal of Genetics, Vol. 85, No. 3, 2006, pp. 237-254. doi:10.1007/BF02935340 [22] W. Claussen, “Proline as a Measure of Stress in Tomato Plants,” Plant Science, Vol. 168, No. 1, 2005, pp. 241-248. [23] L. C. Van Loon, “Pathogenesis-Related Proteins,” Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1985, pp. 111-116. [24] M. Fujita, Y. Fujita, Y. Noutoshi, Y, F. Takahashi, Y. Narusaka and K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, “Crosstalk between Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses: A Current View from the points of Convergence in the Stress Signaling Networks,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2006, pp. 436-442.