Plasticity in
crown architecture, contributing to leaf arrangement within crown, is an important
feature for whole plant carbon assimilation and survival. In this study, I
examined the plasticity in crown architecture to light condition and developmental
stage by the changes in shoot production. Rhododendron
reticulatum expands crown with orthotropic growth in monopodial branching
in young stage, but orthotropic growth is ceased in adult stage. Main stem of
young crown is described with monopodial branching regardless of light
environment. But multi-layer crown is observed in sun-lit environment rather
than mono-layer crown in adult stage. Long shoot production for each branching system
(foliage derived from sympodial branching) in young crown is associated with
local light environment, but not in adult crown. Long shoot production rate is
correlated with long shoot production rate of its mother shoot in young crown,
but not in mono-layer crown. These results suggest that young crown expands
branches to sun-lit position whereas adult crown reduces congestion of shoots with
stochastic shoot production regardless of shoot production of mother shoots. I
concluded that both light and developmental stage are important factors for
shoot production and constructing crown architecture.
[1] A. Nicola and S. T. Pickett, “The Adaptive Architecture of Shrub Canopies: Leaf Display and Biomass Allocation in Relation to Light Environment,” New Phytologist, Vol. 93, 1983, pp. 301-310. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1983.tb03433.x
[2] I. P. G. Ardhana, H. Takeda, M. Sakimoto and T. Tsutsumi, “The Vertical Foliage Distributions of Six Understory Tree Species in a Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. Forest,” Trees, Vol. 2, 1988, pp. 143-149. doi:10.1007/BF00196019
[3] H. S. Horn, “The Adaptive Geometry of Trees,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1971.
[4] J. Millet, A. Bouchard and C. édelin, “Relationship between Architecture and Successional Status of Trees in the Temperate Deciduous Forest,” écoscience, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1999, pp. 187-203.
[5] T. Kohyama, “Growth Pattern of Abies mariesii Saplings under Conditions of Open-Growth and Suppression,” Botanical Magazine, Tokyo, Vol. 93, No. 1, 1980, pp. 13-24.
[6] J. L. Harper, “Canopies as Populations,” In: G. Russel, B. Marshall and P. G. Jarvis, Eds., Plant Canopies: Their Growth, Form and Function, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989, pp. 105-128. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511752308.007
[7] K. Lehtilä, J. Tuomi and M. Sulkinoja, “Bud Demography of the Mountain Birch Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa near Tree Line,” Ecology, Vol. 75, No. 4, 1994, pp. 945- 955. doi:10.2307/1939418
[8] F. Hallé, R. A. A. Oldeman and P. B. Tomlinson, “Tropical Trees and Forests. An Architectural Analysis,” Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-81190-6
[9] P. M. Room, L. Maillette and J. S. Hanan, “Module and Metamer Dynamics and Virtual Plants,” Advances in Ecological Research, Vol. 25, 1994, pp. 105-157. doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60214-7
[10] T. Seino, “Intermittent Shoot Growth in Saplings of Acanthopanax sciadophylloides (Araliaceae),” Annals of Botany, Vol. 81, No. 4, 1998, pp. 535-543. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0588
[11] K. Yoshimura, “Spatial Variation and Morphology of Shoots in the Variant Crown form of Rhododendron reticulatum,” Botany, Vol. 88, No. 11, 2010, pp. 995-1005. doi:10.1139/B10-071
[12] L. Maillette, “Structural Dynamics of Silver Birch II. A Matrix Model of the Bud Population,” Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 82, 1982, pp. 219-238. doi:10.2307/2403006
[13] J. R. Porter, “Demographic Approaches to Studies of Canopy Development in Plants,” Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 11, No. 6, 1996, pp. 207-214. doi:10.1016/0961-9534(96)00026-8
[14] F. J. Sterck, F. Bongers, H. J. During, M. Marínez-Ramos and H. de Kroon, “Module Responses in a Tropical Forest Tree Analyzed with a Matrix Model,” Ecology, Vol. 84, No. 10, 2003, pp. 2751-2761. doi:10.1890/02-0335
[15] K. Kawamura and H. Takeda, “Rules of Crown Development in the Clonal Shrub Vaccinium hirtum in a Low- Light Understory: A Quantative Analysis of Architecture,” Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 82, No. 3, 2004, pp. 329-339. doi:10.1139/b04-001
[16] K. Kawamura and H. Takeda, “Light Environment and Crown Architecture of Two Temperate Vaccinium Species: Inherent Growth Rules versus Degree of Plastisity in Light Response,” Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 80, No. 10, 2002, pp. 1063-1077. doi:10.1139/b02-096
[17] A. Takenaka, “A Simulation Model of Tree Architecture Development Based on Growth Response to Local Light Environment,” Journal of Plant Research, Vol. 107, No. 3, 1994, pp. 321-330. doi:10.1007/BF02344260
[18] J. Perttunen, R. Sievänen, E. Nikinmaa, H. Salminen, H. Saarenmaa and J. Väkevä, “LIGNUM: A Tree Model Based on Simple Structural Units,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 77, No. 1, 1996, pp. 87-98. doi:10.1006/anbo.1996.0011
[19] R. Borchert and N. A. Slade, “Bifurcation Ratio and the Adaptive Geometry of Trees,” Botanical Gazette, Vol. 142, No. 3, 1981, pp. 394-401. doi:10.1086/337238
[20] D. A. Steingraeber and D. M. Waller, “Non-Stationarity of Tree Branching Patterns and Bifurcation Ratios,” Proceedings of Royal Society of London B, Vol. 228, No. 1251, 1986, pp. 187-194.
[21] S. Rust and R. F. Hüttl, “The Effect of Shoot Architecture on Hydraulic Conductance in Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.),” Trees, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1999, pp. 39-42. doi:10.1007/s004680050005
[22] A. Takenaka, “Shoot Growth Responses to Light Micro- environment and Correlative Inhibition in Tree Seedlings under a Forest Canopy,” Tree Physiology, Vol. 30, 2000, pp. 987-991. doi:10.1093/treephys/20.14.987
[23] H. Hatta, H. Honda and J. B. Fisher, “Branching Principles Governing the Architecture of Cornus kousa (Cornaceae),” Annals of Botany, Vol. 84, No. 2, 1999, pp. 183-193. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0906
[24] J. B. Fisher and D. E. Hibbs, “Plasticity of Tree Architecture: Specific and Ecological Variations Found in Aubréville’s Model,” American Journal of Botany, Vol. 69, 1982, pp. 690-702. doi:10.2307/2442959
[25] J. Millet, A. Bouchard and C. édelin, “Plagiotropic Architectural Development of Four Tree Species of the Temperate Forest,” Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol. 76, No. 12, 1998, pp. 2100-2118.
[26] G. H. Buck-Sorlin and A. D. Bell, “Crown Architecture in Quercus petraea and Q. robur: The Fate of Buds and Shoots in Relation to Age, Positiopn and Environmental Perturbation,” Forestry, Vol. 73, No. 4, 2000, pp. 331- 349. doi:10.1093/forestry/73.4.331
[27] N. Osada, R. Tateno, F. Hyodo and H. Takeda, “Changes in Crown Architecture with Tree Height in Two Deciduous Tree Species: Developmental Constraints or Plastic Response to the Competition for Light,” Forest, Ecology and Management, Vol. 188, No. 1-3, 2004, pp. 337-347. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.003
[28] ü. Niinemets, “Changes in Foliage Distribution with Relative Irradiance and Tree Size: Differences between the Saplings of Acer platanoides and Quercus robur,” Ecological Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1996, 269-281. doi:10.1007/BF02347784