Significance of Storage on Solar Photovoltaic System—A Residential Load Case Study in Australia
ABSTRACT
Energy storage is an essential part in effective utilization of Renewable Energy (RE). Most RE sources cannot provide constant energy supply and introduce a potential unbalance in generation and demand, especially in off-peak periods when RE generates more energy and in peak period when load demand rises too high. Storage allows intermittent sources like solar Photovoltaic (PV) to address timely load demand and adds flexibility in load management. This paper analyses the significance of storage for residential load considering solar PV as RE generator. The significance of storage was evaluated in off-grid or stand alone and grid connected configurations. Moreover it outlined the significance of storage in terms of environment and economics by comparing the Renewable Fraction (RF), Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission, Cost of Energy (COE) and Net Present Cost (NPC). Investigation showed that storage has positive influences on both (off-grid and grid connected) configurations by improving PV utilization. It was found that in grid connected configuration storage reduced 46.47% of GHG emission, reduced COE, NPC and improved RF compared to the system without storage.
Energy storage is an essential part in effective utilization of Renewable Energy (RE). Most RE sources cannot provide constant energy supply and introduce a potential unbalance in generation and demand, especially in off-peak periods when RE generates more energy and in peak period when load demand rises too high. Storage allows intermittent sources like solar Photovoltaic (PV) to address timely load demand and adds flexibility in load management. This paper analyses the significance of storage for residential load considering solar PV as RE generator. The significance of storage was evaluated in off-grid or stand alone and grid connected configurations. Moreover it outlined the significance of storage in terms of environment and economics by comparing the Renewable Fraction (RF), Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission, Cost of Energy (COE) and Net Present Cost (NPC). Investigation showed that storage has positive influences on both (off-grid and grid connected) configurations by improving PV utilization. It was found that in grid connected configuration storage reduced 46.47% of GHG emission, reduced COE, NPC and improved RF compared to the system without storage.
Cite this paper
M. Arif, A. Oo, A. Ali and G. Shafiullah, "Significance of Storage on Solar Photovoltaic System—A Residential Load Case Study in Australia," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2013, pp. 167-180. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2013.42021.
M. Arif, A. Oo, A. Ali and G. Shafiullah, "Significance of Storage on Solar Photovoltaic System—A Residential Load Case Study in Australia," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2013, pp. 167-180. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2013.42021.
References
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[1] R. Fioravanti, “The Importance of Energy Storage for System Regulation,” 2012. http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/2450936349/articles/utility-automation-engineering- td/volume-14/issue-10/features/the-importance_of.html [2] KEMA, “Large-Scale Electricity Storage,” 2012. http://www.kema.com/services/consulting/etd/es/large-scale-storage.aspx [3] KEMA, “Benefits of Fast-Response Storage Devices for System Regulation in ISO Markets,” 2012.
http://www.kema.com/Images/FastResponseStorage11-25-08SCREEN.pdf [4] DoRET, “Energy in Australia 2010,” Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Australia, 2010. [5] Queensland-Government, “The Queensland Renewable Energy Plan, a Clear Energy Future for Queensland,” 2009. http://www.cleanenergy.qld.gov.au/queensland_renewable_energy_plan.cfm [6] REN21, “Renewables 2010,” Global Status Report, 2010. http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/REN21_GSR_2010_full_revised%20Sept2010.pdf [7] DCC, “National Greenhouse Gas Inventory—Accounting for the KYOTO Target May 2009,” Department of Climate Change, Australian Government, 2009. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/climate-change/~/media/publications/greenhouse-report/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-pdf.ashx [8] Energy Research Institute, “Australian Sustainable Energy, Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan,” 2010. http://www.energy.unimelb.edu.au/ [9] R. Albarracin and H. Amaris, “Power Quality in Distribution Power Networks with Photovoltaic Energy Sources,” IEEE Proceedings of the International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Karpacz, 10-13 May 2009. [10] R. K. Varma, M. Salama, R. Seethapathy and C. Champion, “Large-Scale Photovoltaic Solar Power Integration in Transmission and Distribution Networks,” IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Calgary, 26-30 July 2009, pp. 1-4. doi:10.1109/PES.2009.5275321 [11] S. Rahman, “The Smart Grid, Its Opportunities and Challenges,” Asia-Pacific Power & Energy Engineering Conference, Chengdu, 29 March 2010. [12] C. J. Hanley, D. T. Ton, G. H. Peek and J. D. Boyes, “Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems—Energy Storage (SEGIS-ES),” Sandia Report, SAND2008-4247, 2008. [13] L. L. Grigsbay, “The Electric Power Engineering Handbook,” CRC Press, New York, 2001. [14] S. Vazquez, S. M. Lukic, E. Galvan, L. G. Franquelo and J. M. Carrasco, “Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 12, 2010, pp. 3881-3895. doi:10.1109/TIE.2010.2076414 [15] M. T. Arif, A. M. T. Oo and A. B. M. Shawkat Ali, “Estimation of Energy Storage and Its Feasibility Analysis, Energy Storage—Technologies and Applications,” A. Zobaa, Ed., 2013. http://www.intechopen.com/books/energy-storage-technologies-and-applications/estimation-of-energy-
storage-and-its-feasibility-analysis [16] F. Rahman, S. Rehman and M. A. Abdul-Majeed, “Overview of Energy Storage Systems for Storing Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in Saudi Arabia,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2012, pp. 274-283. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.153 [17] M. Beaudin, H. Zareipour, A. Schellenberglabe and W. Rosehart, “Energy Storage for Mitigating the Variability of Renewable Electric Sources: An Updated Review,” Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2010, pp. 302-314. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2010.09.007 [18] F. Diaz-Gonzalez, A. Sumper and O. Gomis-Bellmunt, “A Review of Energy Storage Technologies for Wind Power Applications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2012, pp. 2154-2171. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.029 [19] I. Hadjipaschalis, A. Poullikkas and V. Efthimiou, “Overview of Current and Future Energy Storage Technologies for Electric Power Applications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 13, No. 6-7, 2009, pp. 15131522. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.028 [20] C. Wessells, “Nanoparticle Electrode for Batteries Could Make Large-Scale Power Storage on the Energy Grid Feasible,” Stanford University News, 2011. at:http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/november/longlife-power-storage-112311.html [21] HOMER, “Analysis of Micro Powersystem Options.” https://analysis.nrel.gov/homer/ [22] G. J. Dalton, D. A. Lockington and T. E. Baldock, “Feasibility Analysis of Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Supply Options for a Large Hotel,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 33, No. 7, 2008, pp. 1475-1490. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.09.014 [23] A. N. Celik, “Techno-Economic Analysis of Autonomous PV-Wind Hybrid Energy Systems Using Different Sizing Methods,” Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 44, No. 12, 2003, pp. 1951-1968. doi:10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00223-6 [24] BoM, Bureau of Meteorology, Australian Government. http://reg.bom.gov.au/ [25] ErgonEnergy, “Understanding Your Electricity Bill, Information about Average Consumption,” 2012.
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goodhew-electrical-%26-solar-offers-homeowners-the-most-affordable-quality-solar-systems-on-the-market.?subSiteId=1 [32] Inverter-Cost, “SMA Sunny Boy Grid tie Inverter 7000 W SB7000US Price,” 2012. http://www.google.com/products/catalog?hl=en&q=sunny+boy+grid+tie+inverter+price&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=2378l7840l1l8534l11l10l0l1l1l0l223l205
5l0.3.7l11l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&biw=1680&bih=831&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=shop&cid=10871923140935237408&sa=X&ei=z0g6T-T0LayziQfnkZGQCg&ved=0CGkQ8wIwAQ [33] Inverter-Cost, “SMA Sunny Boy 1700 Price,” 2012. http://www.solarmatrix.com.au/special-offers/sunny-boy-1700?ver=gg&gclid=CMO0gIOzna4CFYVMpgod7T1OHg [34] ALTE-Store, “Battery Price, Trojan T-105 6 V, 225 AH (20HR) Flooded Lead Acid Battery.” http://www.altestore.com/store/Deep-Cycle-Batteries/Batteries-Flooded-Lead-Acid/Trojan-T-105-6V-225AH-20HR-Flooded-Lead-Acid-Battery/p1771/ [35] ErgonEnergy, “Electricity Tariffs and Prices.” http://www.ergon.com.au/your-business/accounts--and--billing/electricity-prices [36] RedEnergy, “Pricing Definition for Electricity Customers,” NSW, 2011. http://www.redenergy.com.au/docs/NSW-Pricing-DEFINITIONS-0311.pdf [37] Future_Sustainability, “Rebates for Solar Power.” http://futuresustainability.rtrk.com.au/?scid=80507&kw=4858156&pub_cr_id=17164703877 [38] Economic Development & Innovation Department of Employment, Queensland, “Solar Bonus Scheme,” Queensland Government, Office of Clean Energy. http://www.cleanenergy.qld.gov.au/demand-side/solar-bonus-scheme.htm?utm_source=WWW2BUSINE SS&utm_medium=301&utm_campaign=redirection