DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe
ABSTRACT
This article attempts to merge the data of contemporary linguistics and DNA genealogy in order to describe the migrations and settlement of peoples and languages in Europe after the last Ice Age. In the new paradigm, three important groups of players have been identified: —R1ahaplogroup bearers, conditionally identified as Aryans. They arose around 20,000 years before the present (ybp) in central Asia and the Altai Mountains; after their migration along the southern route, they arrived inEuropebetween 10,000 - 9000 ybp, bringing proto-Indo European (PIE) and Indo European (IE) languages. In 4800 ybp they migrated eastward from Europe to the Russian Plane and then to India. About 3000 - 2500 ybp they migrated with their IE languages from the Russian Plain back to central, western, and southern Europe, laying the genetic groundwork for peoples later called Celts, Germans, Italics, Greeks, Illyrians, and Balto-Slavs. —E, F, G, J, I, K haplogroup bearers. The dates of their arrival in Europe (sometime before 5000 ybp) and their migration routes remain obscure. They apparently spoke non-IE languages. —R1b haplogroup bearers, called the Arbins. They arose about 16,000 ybp in central Asia, and migrated toEuropealong a northern route. They arrived inEuropebetween 4800 and 4500 ybp bringing with them several non-IE languages. It seems that the arrival of the Aryans (R1a) inEuropewas peaceful. There are no clear indications that their arrival triggered any sort of violence. However, the migration of the Arbins (R1b) was marked by an almost complete elimination of the E1b, F, G2a, J, I1, I2, and K haplogroups fromEurope. Our analysis of current linguistic theories in the light of DNA genealogy data demonstrates that: —the Anatolian theory is generally compatible with DNA genealogy data; —the Vasconic and Afro-asiatic substratum theory is partially in agreement with DNA genealogy data; —the Kurgan theory and the Palaeolithic Continuity Theory (PCT) appear incompatible with the history of Europe based on haplogroup data. —the “Out of Africa” theory has questionable validity.
Cite this paper
Klyosov, A. & Tomezzoli, G. (2013). DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe. Advances in Anthropology, 3, 101-111. doi: 10.4236/aa.2013.32014.
Klyosov, A. & Tomezzoli, G. (2013). DNA Genealogy and Linguistics. Ancient Europe. Advances in Anthropology, 3, 101-111. doi: 10.4236/aa.2013.32014.
References
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[1] Alinei, M. (2001). An alternative model of the people-related sources in European languages: The “continuity theory”. In B. Mondadori (Ed.), The first roots of Europe (pp. 177-234). (in Italian) [2] Anikovich, M. V., Sinitsyn, A. A., Hoffecker, J. F., Holliday, V. T., Popov, V. V., Lisitsyn, S. N., Forman, S. L. et al. (2007). Early upper paleolithic in Eastern Europe and implications for the dispersal of modernhumans. Science, 315, 223-226. doi:10.1126/science.1133376 [3] Baldi, P., & Page, R. B. (2006). Review europa vasconica—Europa semitica. Lingua, 116, 2183-220. (in German) [4] Bednarik, R. G. (2012). The origins of human modernity. Humanities, 1, 1-53. [5] Bednarik, R. G. (2013). Pleistocene palaeoart of Africa. Arts, 2, 6-34. [6] Benazzi, S., Douka, L., Fornai, C., Bauer, C. C., Kullmer, O., Svoboda, J., Pap, I., et al. (2011). Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanerthal behaviour. Nature, 479, 525-528. doi:10.1038/nature10617 [7] Bokony, S. (1997). Horses and sheep in East Europe. In S. N. Skomal, & E. C. Polomé (Eds.), Proto-Indo-European: The archaeology of a linguistic problem. Studies in honour of Marija Gimbutas (pp. 136-144). Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man. [8] Boric, D., & Price, T. D. (2013). Strontium isotopes document greater human mobility at the start of the Balkan Neolithic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 110, 3298-3303. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211474110 [9] Bouckaert, R. et al. (2012). Mapping the origins and expansion of the Indo-European language family. Science, 337, 957-960. doi:10.1126/science.1219669 [10] Schustler, S. C., Miller, W., Ratan, A., Tomsho, L. P., Giardine, B., Kasson, L. R., Harris, R. S. et al. (2010). Completer Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa. Nature, 463, 943-947. doi:10.1038/nature08795 [11] Diakonov, J. M. (1984). On the original home of the speakers of Indo European. Soviet Anthropology and Archaeology, 23, 5-87. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-195923025 [12] Dolgopolsky, A. B. (1987). The Indo-European homeland problem. Mediterranean Archaeological Review, 3, 7-31. [13] Dolgopolsky, A. B. (1993). More about the Indo-European homeland problem. Mediterranean Archaeological Review, 6-7, 251-272. [14] Gamkrelidze, T. V., & Ivanov, V. V. (1984). Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University. [15] Gamkrelidze, T. V., & Ivanov, V. V. (1995). Indo-Europeans and the Indo-Europeans.. In J. Nichols, & M. de Gruyter (Eds.), A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto culture (1128 pp). Berlin-New York. [16] Gimbutas, M. (1991). The civilization of the goddess: The world of Old Europe, Harper. 544 pp. [17] Gimbutas, M. (1956). The prehistory of Eastern Europe. Mesolithic, neolithic and copper age cultures in Russia and the Baltic area. American school of prehistoric researches. Harvard University Bulletin, 20, Cambridge: Peabody Museum, [18] Gimbutas, M. (1994). Das ende alteuropas (The end of the Old Europe) (135 pp). Budapest: Verlag des Instituts fur Sprachwissensvhaft der Universitat Innsbruck. (in German) [19] Gimbutas, M. (1997). The fall and transformation of Old Europe: Recapitulation. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 18, 351-372. [20] Gray, R. D. & Atkinson, Q. D. (2003). Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin. Nature, 426, 435-439. doi:10.1038/nature02029 [21] Gray, R. D., Atkinson, Q. D., & Greenhill, S. J. (2011). Language evolution and human history: What a difference a date makes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 366, 1090-1100. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0378 [22] Hammer, M. F., Behar, D. M., Karafet, T. M., Mendez, F. L., Hallmark, B., Erez, T., Zhivotovsky, L. A. et al. (2009). Extended Y chromo some haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics, 126, 707-717. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5 [23] Higham, T., Compton, T., Stringer, C., Jacobi, R., Shapiro, B., Trinkaus, E., Chandler, B. et al. (2011). The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe. Nature, 479, 521-524. doi:10.1038/nature10484 [24] Keyser, C., Bouakaze, C., Crubezy, E., Nikolaev, V. G., Montagnon, D., Reis, T., & Ludes, B. (2009). Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people. Human Genetics, 126, 395-410. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0 [25] Klyosov, A. A. (2009). DNA genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the map. Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5, 217-256. [26] Klyosov, A. A. (2010). Haplogroup I. Proceeding of Academy of DNA Genealogy, 3, 96-158. [27] Klyosov, A. A. (2012a). Microsatellites and genes of Y-chromosome. Proceeding of Academy of DNA Genealogy, 5, 911-913. [28] Klyosov, A. A. (2012b). Ancient history of the Arbins, bearers of haplogroup R1b, from Central Asia to Europe, 16,000 to 1500 years before present. Advances in Anthropology, 2, 87-105. doi:10.4236/aa.2012.22010 [29] Klyosov, A. A. (2012c). Dinaric (East-European) and the “Isle” branches of haplogroup I2a. Proceeding of Academy of DNA Genealogy, 5, 1304-1317. [30] Klyosov, A. A., & Rozhanskii, I. L. (2012a). Re-examining the “Out of Africa” theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids) in light of DNA genealogy. Advances in Anthropology, 2, 80-86. doi:10.4236/aa.2012.22009 [31] Klyosov, A. A., & Rozhanskii, I. L. (2012b). Haplogroup R1a as the proto Indo-Europeans and the legendary Aryans as witnessed by the DNA of their current descendants. Advances in Anthropology, 2, 1 13. doi:10.4236/aa.2012.21001 [32] Klyosov, A. A., Rozhanskii, I. L., & Ryanbchenko, L. E. (2012). Re examining the Out-of-Africa theory and the origin of Europeoids (Caucasoids). Part 2. SNPs, haplogroups and haplotypes in the Y chromosome of Chimpanzee and Humans. Advances in Anthropology, 2, 198-213. doi:10.4236/aa.2012.24022 [33] Klyosov, A. A. (2013). Subclade R1a-L342-L657 beyond Ancient Urals. Proceeding of Academy of DNA Genealogy, 6, 446-451. [34] Krahe, H. (1954). Language and prehistory: European history according to the testimony of the language. Heidelberg: Quelle und Meyer. (in German) [35] Krahe, H. (1964). Our oldest river names. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. [36] Kuzmenko, Y. (2011). Earlier Germans and their neighbours: Linguis tics, archaeology, genetics. St. Petersburg: Nestor-History. [37] Laayouni, H., Calafell, F., & Bertranpetit, J. (2010). A genome-wide survey does not show the genetic distinctiveness of Basques. Human Genetics, 127, 455-458. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0798-3 [38] Lacan, M., Keyser, C., Ricaut, F.-X., Brucato, N., Tarrús, J., Bosch, A., Guilaine, J. et al. (2011). Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 18255-18259. doi:10.1073/pnas.1113061108 [39] Lachance, J., Vernot, B., Elbers, C. C., Ferwerda, B., Froment, A., Bodo, J.-M., Lema, G. et al. (2012). Evolutionary history and adaptation from high-coverage whole-genome sequences of diverse African hunter-gatherers. Cell, 150, 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.009 [40] Li, C., Li, H., Cui, Y., Xie, C., Cai, D., Li, W., Mair, V. H. et al. (2010). Evidence that a west-east admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age. BMC Biology, 8. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15 [41] Marler, J. (2001). L’Eredità di Marija Gimbutas: Una ricerca arche omitologica sulle radici della civiltà europea. In B. Mondadori (Ed.), The first roots of Europe (pp. 3-22). (in Italian) [42] Mendez, F. L., Krahn, T., Schrack, B., Krahn, A.-M., Veeramah, K. R., Woerner, A. 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