Energy and water saving by using modified closed circuits of drip irrigation system
Author(s)
Hani Abdel-Ghani Mansour,
Mohamed Yousif Tayel,
David A. Lightfoot,
Abdel-Ghany Mohamed El-Gindy
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was determine the en- ergy and water use efficiencies under the modification of closed circuit drip irrigation systems designs. Field experiments carried out on transgenic maize (GDH, LL3), (Zea Mays crop) under two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Drip Irrigation System (CM1DIS); b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Drip Irrigation System (CM2DIS), and c) Traditional Drip Irrigation System (TDIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter; 30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar under Two levels slope conditions 0% and 2%. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Res. Fields., Soil and Plant & Agric. System Dept., Agric. Faculty, Southern Illinois University, Car- bondale (SIUC), Illinois, USA. Under 0% level slope when using CM2DIS the increase percent of Energy Use Efficiency (EUE) were 32.27, 33.21, and 34.37% whereas with CM1DIS were 30.84, 28.96, and 27.45% On the other hand when level slope 2% were with CM2DIS 31.57, 33.14, and 34.25 while CM1DIS were 30.15, 28.98, and 27.53 under lateral lengths 40, 60 and 80 m respectively relative to TDIS. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) when level slope 0% under CM2DIS were 1.67, 1.18, and 0.87 kg/m3 compared to 1.65, 1.16, and 0.86 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.35, 1.04, and 0.75 kg/m3 with TDIS whereas with level slope 2% when using CM2DIS were 1.76, 1.29, and 0.84 kg/m3 compared to 1.77, 1.30, and 0.87 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.41, 1.12, and 0.76 kg/m3 (for lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Water saving percent varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types relative to TDIS. Under slope 0% level CM2DIS water saving percent values were 19.26, 12.48, and 14.03%; with CM1DIS they were 18.51, 10.50, and 12.78%; and under slope level 2% with CM2DIS they were 19.93, 13.26, and 10.38% and CM1DIS were 20.49, 13.96, and 13.23% (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The energy use efficiency and water saving were observed under CM2DIS and CM1DIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitters, lateral line uniformity, and friction losses. CM2DIS was more energy use efficiency, EUE, water saving, and WUE than either CM1DIS or TDIS.
The aim of this research was determine the en- ergy and water use efficiencies under the modification of closed circuit drip irrigation systems designs. Field experiments carried out on transgenic maize (GDH, LL3), (Zea Mays crop) under two types of closed circuits: a) One manifold for lateral lines or Closed circuits with One Manifold of Drip Irrigation System (CM1DIS); b) Closed circuits with Two Manifolds of Drip Irrigation System (CM2DIS), and c) Traditional Drip Irrigation System (TDIS) as a control. Three lengths of lateral lines were used, 40, 60, and 80 meters. PE tubes lateral lines: 16 mm diameter; 30 cm emitters distance, and GR built-in emitters 4 lph when operating pressure 1 bar under Two levels slope conditions 0% and 2%. Experiments were conducted at the Agric. Res. Fields., Soil and Plant & Agric. System Dept., Agric. Faculty, Southern Illinois University, Car- bondale (SIUC), Illinois, USA. Under 0% level slope when using CM2DIS the increase percent of Energy Use Efficiency (EUE) were 32.27, 33.21, and 34.37% whereas with CM1DIS were 30.84, 28.96, and 27.45% On the other hand when level slope 2% were with CM2DIS 31.57, 33.14, and 34.25 while CM1DIS were 30.15, 28.98, and 27.53 under lateral lengths 40, 60 and 80 m respectively relative to TDIS. Water Use Efficiency (WUE) when level slope 0% under CM2DIS were 1.67, 1.18, and 0.87 kg/m3 compared to 1.65, 1.16, and 0.86 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.35, 1.04, and 0.75 kg/m3 with TDIS whereas with level slope 2% when using CM2DIS were 1.76, 1.29, and 0.84 kg/m3 compared to 1.77, 1.30, and 0.87 kg/m3 with CM1DIS and 1.41, 1.12, and 0.76 kg/m3 (for lateral lengths 40, 60, and 80 meters respectively). Water saving percent varied widely within individual lateral lengths and between circuit types relative to TDIS. Under slope 0% level CM2DIS water saving percent values were 19.26, 12.48, and 14.03%; with CM1DIS they were 18.51, 10.50, and 12.78%; and under slope level 2% with CM2DIS they were 19.93, 13.26, and 10.38% and CM1DIS were 20.49, 13.96, and 13.23% (for lateral lengths 40, 60, 80 meters respectively). The energy use efficiency and water saving were observed under CM2DIS and CM1DIS when using the shortest lateral length 40 meters, then lateral length 60 meters, while the lowest value was observed when using lateral length 80 meters this result depends on the physical and hydraulic characteristics of the emitters, lateral line uniformity, and friction losses. CM2DIS was more energy use efficiency, EUE, water saving, and WUE than either CM1DIS or TDIS.
Cite this paper
nullMansour, H. , Tayel, M. , Lightfoot, D. and El-Gindy, A. (2010) Energy and water saving by using modified closed circuits of drip irrigation system. Agricultural Sciences, 1, 154-177. doi: 10.4236/as.2010.13019.
nullMansour, H. , Tayel, M. , Lightfoot, D. and El-Gindy, A. (2010) Energy and water saving by using modified closed circuits of drip irrigation system. Agricultural Sciences, 1, 154-177. doi: 10.4236/as.2010.13019.
References
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[1] ASAE Standards (2003) EP405.1 FEB03. Design and Installation of microirrigation systems. ASAE, St. Joseph. [2] Berkowitz, S.J. (2001) Hydraulic performance of subsurface wastewater drip systems. In: On-Site Wastewater Treatment: Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, ASAE, St. Joseph, 583-592. [3] Camp, C.R., Sadler, E.J. and Busscher, W.J. (1997) A comparison of uniformity measure for drip irrigation systems. Transactions of the ASAE, 40, 1013-1020. [4] Capra, A and Scicolone, B. (1998) Water quality and distribution uniformity in drip/trickle irrigation systems. Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research, 70, 355- 365. [5] FAO (1992) Small-Scale pimped irrigation; energy and cost. M.Kay, Silsoe Collage, UK and N. Hatcho, FAO land and Water Development Division, p. 5- 40. [6] Gee, G.W. and J. W. Bauder (1986) Particle size analysis. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 Agron. 2nd ed. 383 - 412 ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI (c. ed. Klute, R.) [7] Hathoot, H.M.; A.I. Al-Amoud and F.S. Mohammed (1991) “Analysis of a Pipe with Uniform Lateral Flow.” Alexandria Eng. J., Alexandria, Egypt, Vol. 30, No. 1, C49-C54. [8] Hathoot, H.M.; A.I. Al-Amoud and F.S. Mohammed (1993) Analysis and Design of Trickle Irrigation Laterals. J. Irrig. And Drain. Div. ASAE, 119, No. 5, Paper No. 3937, 756-767. [9] International Energy Annual (2003) (EIA), Projection; System for the Analysis of Global Energy Markets 2006 (EIA). [10] Jackson, M. L. (1967) Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, USA. [11] Keller, J. (2002) Evolution of drip/microirrigation: traditional and non-traditional uses. Paper presented as keynote address at the International Meeting on Advances in Drip/Micro Irrigation, December 2 to 5, 2002, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain. [12] Kirnak, H.; E. Dogan; S. Demir and S. Yalcin (2004) Determination of hydraulic performance of trickle irriga-tion emitters used in irrigation system in the Harran Plain. Turk. J. Agric. For. 28: 223-230. [13] Lamm, F.R., T.P. Trooien, G.A. Clark, L.R. Stone, M. Alam, D. H. Rogers, and A.J. chlgel. (2002) Using beef lagoon effluent with SDI. In Proc. Irrigation Assn. Int’l. Irrigation Technical Conf., October 24-26, 2002, New Orleans, LA. Available from Irrigation Assn., Falls Church, Virginia. 8 pp. Also available at: http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/sdi/Reports/2002/MWIAPaper.pdf [14] Mizyed, N. and E.G. Kruse (1989) Emitter discharge eval-uation of subsurface trickle irrigation systems. Transactions of the ASAE, 32: 1223-1228. [15] Nakayama, F.S. and D.A. Bucks. (1981) Emitter clogging effects on trickle irrigation uniformity. Trans. ASAE. 24(1): 77-80. [16] Pimentel, D. and M. Giampietro. (1994) Food, Land, Population and the U.S. Economy. Carrying Capacity Network. http://www.dieoff.com/page55.htm [17] Reyes, M.R. (2007) agroforestry and sustainable vegetable production in southeast asian watersheds, Annual Report, SANREM-CRSP. North Carolina A&T State University. [18] Talozi, S.A., and D.J. Hills. (2001) Simulating emitter clogging in a microirrigation subunit. Trans. ASAE. 44(6): 1503-1509. [19] Watters, G.Z. and J. Keller (1978) Trickle Irrigation Tubing Hydraulics. ASAE Technical, Paper No. 78-2015, St. Joseph, Mich. 17 [20] Warrick, A.W. and M. Yitayew (1988) Trickle Lateral Hydraulics. I: Analytical Solution. J. Irrig. Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 114, No. 2, 281-288. [21] Wu, I.P. and H.M. Gitlin, (1979) Hydraulics and Uniform for Drip Irrigation.Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, Vol. 99, (IR3): 157-168. Paper 9786, June.