Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, N, and S partitioning as affected by node position and cultivar differences
ABSTRACT
The mechanisms controlling the partitioning of seed composition constituents along the main stem in soybean are still controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate seed protein, oil, and fatty acids partitioning in soybean cultivars along the main stem. The cultivars were DT97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV; Stressland, MG IV; Hutcheson, MG V; TracyM, MG VI. Seeds were harvested based on position on the plant (top nodes, middle nodes, and bottom nodes). At R8 (physiological maturity stage), DT97-4290, Hutcheson, and Stressland had higher percentage of protein and oleic acid and lower percentage of oil and linolenic acid in top node seed compared with bottom node seed. The increase of protein in top node compared with the bottom node across the two experiments ranged from 15.5 to 19.5%, 7.0 to 10.5%, 14.2 to 15.8%, 11.2 to 16.5%, respectively for DT97-4290, Hutcheson, Stressland, and TracyM. Except for TracyM, the increase of oleic acid in the top node ranged from 45.4 to 93%, depending on the cultivar. Conversely, the decrease in the top node seed ranged from 14.4 to 26.8% for oil and from 5.7 to 34.4% for linolenic acid, depending on the cultivar. The partitioning trend of seed composition constituents at R6 (seed - fill stage) was inconsistent. Except for Stressland, seed oleic acid was higher at R6 than at R8. The higher protein and oleic acid concentrations in the top node seed was accom- panied by higher activity of nitrate reductase activity, higher chlorophyll concentration, higher nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in the fully expanded leaves at R5-R6 growth stage, and higher seed nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in DT 97-4290 and Stressland. The current research suggests that the partitioning of seed protein, oil, and fatty acids in nodes along the plant depended on the position of node on the main stem, cultivar differences, seed N and S status, and tissue N and S partitioning. The higher nitrate reductase activity at the top nodes, accompanied higher protein and oleic acid, and the changes of oleic acid at R6 and R8 along the stem, were not previously reported, and need further investigation. The current knowledge is useful for soybean germplasm selection for desirable traits such protein and oleic acid, and for accurate measurements of seed composition constituents in breeding lines.
The mechanisms controlling the partitioning of seed composition constituents along the main stem in soybean are still controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate seed protein, oil, and fatty acids partitioning in soybean cultivars along the main stem. The cultivars were DT97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV; Stressland, MG IV; Hutcheson, MG V; TracyM, MG VI. Seeds were harvested based on position on the plant (top nodes, middle nodes, and bottom nodes). At R8 (physiological maturity stage), DT97-4290, Hutcheson, and Stressland had higher percentage of protein and oleic acid and lower percentage of oil and linolenic acid in top node seed compared with bottom node seed. The increase of protein in top node compared with the bottom node across the two experiments ranged from 15.5 to 19.5%, 7.0 to 10.5%, 14.2 to 15.8%, 11.2 to 16.5%, respectively for DT97-4290, Hutcheson, Stressland, and TracyM. Except for TracyM, the increase of oleic acid in the top node ranged from 45.4 to 93%, depending on the cultivar. Conversely, the decrease in the top node seed ranged from 14.4 to 26.8% for oil and from 5.7 to 34.4% for linolenic acid, depending on the cultivar. The partitioning trend of seed composition constituents at R6 (seed - fill stage) was inconsistent. Except for Stressland, seed oleic acid was higher at R6 than at R8. The higher protein and oleic acid concentrations in the top node seed was accom- panied by higher activity of nitrate reductase activity, higher chlorophyll concentration, higher nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in the fully expanded leaves at R5-R6 growth stage, and higher seed nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) percentages in DT 97-4290 and Stressland. The current research suggests that the partitioning of seed protein, oil, and fatty acids in nodes along the plant depended on the position of node on the main stem, cultivar differences, seed N and S status, and tissue N and S partitioning. The higher nitrate reductase activity at the top nodes, accompanied higher protein and oleic acid, and the changes of oleic acid at R6 and R8 along the stem, were not previously reported, and need further investigation. The current knowledge is useful for soybean germplasm selection for desirable traits such protein and oleic acid, and for accurate measurements of seed composition constituents in breeding lines.
Cite this paper
nullBellaloui, N. and Gillen, A. (2010) Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, N, and S partitioning as affected by node position and cultivar differences. Agricultural Sciences, 1, 110-118. doi: 10.4236/as.2010.13014.
nullBellaloui, N. and Gillen, A. (2010) Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, N, and S partitioning as affected by node position and cultivar differences. Agricultural Sciences, 1, 110-118. doi: 10.4236/as.2010.13014.
References
[1] United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Oilseeds: World markets and trade. Report 2008, Cir-cular Series FOP 11–08.USDA-FAS, Washington, DC. [2] Hurburgh, C.R., Brumm, T.J., Guinn, J.M. and Hartwig, R.A. (1990) Protein and oil patterns in U.S. and world soybean markets. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 67, 966-973. [3] Collins, F.I. and Cartter, J.L. (1956) Variability in chemical composition of seed from different portions of the soybean plant. Agronomy Journal, 48, 216-219. [4] Escalante, E.E. and Wilcox, J.R. (1993) Variation in seed protein among nodes of normal- and high-protein soybean genotypes. Crop Science, 33, 1164-1166. [5] Escalante, E.E. and Wilcox, J.R. (1993) Variation in seed protein among nodes of determinate and indeterminate soybean near-isolines. Crop Science, 33, 1166-1168. [6] Bennett, J.O., Krishnan, A.H., Wiebold, W.J. and Krishnan, H.B. (2003) Positional effect on protein and oil content and composition of soybeans. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51, 6882-6886. [7] Huskey, L.L., Snyder, H.E. and Gbur, E.E. (1990) Analysis of single soybean seeds for oil and protein. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 67(10), 165-167. [8] Sinclair, T.R. and DeWitt, C.T. (1975) Photosynthate and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various crops. Science, 189, 565-567. [9] Shibles, R. and Sundberg, D.N. (1998) Relation of leaf nitrogen content and other traits with seed yield of soybean. Plant Production Science, 1, 3-7. [10] Anderson, J.W. and Fitzgerald, M.A. (2001) Physiological and metabolic origin of sulfur for the synthesis of seed storage proteins. Journal of Plant Physiology, 158, 447-456. [11] Warembourg, F.R. and Fernandez, M. P. (1985) Distribution and remobilization of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in soybean (Glycine max) Physiologia Plantarum, 65, 281-286. [12] Kurdali, F., Kalifa, K. and Al-Shamma, M. (1997) Cultivar differences in nitrogen assimilation, partitioning and mobilization in rain-fed lentil. Field Crops Research, 54, 235–243. [13] Westermann, D.T., Porter, L.K. and O'Deen, W.A. (9185) Nitrogen partitioning and mobilization patterns in bean plants. Crop Science, 25, 225-229. [14] Dekhuijzen, H.M. and Verkerke, D.R. (1984) Uptake, distribution and redistribution of 15nitrogen by Vicia faba under field conditions. Field Crops Reserach, 8, 93-104. [15] Panthee, D.R., Pantalone, V.R., Sams, C.E., Saxton, A.M., Westa, D.R. and Rayford, W.E. (2004) Genomic regions governing soybean seed nitrogen accumulation. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 81(1), 77-81. [16] Hanway, J.J. and Weber, C.R. (1971) Accumulation of N, P, and K by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants. Agronomy Journal, 63, 406-408. [17] Vasilas, B.L., Nelson, R.L., Fuhrmann, J.J. and Evans, T.A. (1995) Relationship of nitrogen utilization patterns with soybean yield and seed fill. Crop Science, 35, 809-813. [18] Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (2000) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. American Society of Plant Physiology, Rockville, Maryland. [19] Loberg, G.L., Shibles, R., Green, D.E. and Hanway, J.J. (1984) Nutrient mobilization and yield of soybean genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 7, 1311-1327. [20] Egli, D.B. and Bruening, W.P. (2007) Nitrogen accumulation and redistribution in soybean genotypes with variation in seed protein concentration. Plant and Soil, 301, 165-172. [21] Egli, D.B., Meckel, L., Phillips, R.E., Radcliffe, D. and Leggett, J.E. (1983) Moisture Stress and N Redistribution in Soybean. Agronomy Journal, 75, 1027-1031. [22] Harper, J.E. (1987) Nitrogen metabolism. In: Wilcox, J. R., Ed., 2nd Edition, Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, pp. 497-533. [23] Proulx, R.A. and Naeve, S.L. (2009) Pod removal, shade, and defoliation effects on soybean yield, protein, and oil. Agronomy Journal, 101, 971-978. [24] Naeve, S.L. and Shibles, R.M. (2005) Distribution and mobilization of sulfur during soybean reproduction. Crop Science, 45, 2540-2551. [25] Sweeney, D.W. and Granade, G.V. (1993) Yield, nutrient, and soil sulfur response to ammonium sulfate fertilization of soybean cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16, 1083-1098. [26] Sexton, P.J., Paek, N.C. and Shibles, R. (1998) Soybean sulfur and nitrogen balance under varying levels of available sulfur. Crop Science, 38, 975-982. [27] Hanway, J.J. and Weber, C.R. (1971) Accumulation of N, P, and K by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants. Agronomy Journal, 63, 406-408. [28] Hunter, W. (1985) Soybean stem in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Annals of Botany, 55, 759-761. [29] Bellaloui, N., Reddy, K.N., Zablotowicz, R.M. and Mengistu, A. (2006) Simulated glyphosate drift influences nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation in non- glypho-sate-resistant soybean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 54, 3357-3364. [30] Hiscox, J.D. and Israelstam, G.F. (1979) A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissues without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57, 1332-1334. [31] Arnon, D.I. (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-15. [32] Bellaloui, N., Zablotowicz, R.M., Reddy, K.N. and Abel, C.A. (2008) Nitrogen metabolism and seed composition as influenced by glyphosate application in glyphosate- resistant soybean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 56, 2765-2772. [33] AOAC (1990a) Method 988.05. In: Helrich, K., Ed., 15th Edition, Official Methods of Analysis, The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington. [34] AOAC (1990b) Method 920.39. In: Helrich, K., Ed., 15th Edition, Official Methods of Analysis, The Asso-ciation of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arling-ton. [35] SAS (2001) SAS 9.1 TS level 1M3. Windows ver-sion 5.1.2600, SAS Institute, Cary. [36] Cooper, R.L., Martin, R.J., St. Martin, S.K., Calip-Dubois, A., Fioritto, R.J. and Schmitthenner, A.F. (2001) Registration of ‘Croton 3.9’ Soy-bean. Crop Science, 41, 588. [37] Burkey, K.O., Wilson, R.F. and Wells, R. (1997) Effects of canopy shade on the lipid composition of soybean leaves. Physiologia Planarum, 101, 591-598. [38] Shibles, R., Secor, J. and Ford, D.M. (1987) Carbon assimilation and metabolism. In: Wilcox, J.R., Ed., 2nd Edition, Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, 535-588. [39] Wardlaw, I.F.T. (1990) Review no. 27. The control of carbon partitioning in plants. New Phytololy, 116, 341-381. [40] Lawn, R.J. and Brun, W.A. (1974) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybeans. I. Effect of photosynthetic source- sink manipulations. Crop Science, 14, 11-16. [41] Andrade, F.H. and Ferreiro, M.A. (1996) Reproductive growth of maize, sun-flower and soybean at different source levels during grain filling. Field Crops Re-search, 48, 155-165. [42] Wahua, T.A.T. and Miller, D.A. (1978) Effects of shading on the N2–fixation, yield, and plant composition of field-grown soybeans. Agronomy Journal, 70, 387-392. [43] Bellaloui, N., Abbas, H.K., Gillen, A.M. and Abel, C.A. (2009a) Effect of glyphosate?boron application on seed composition and nitrogen metabolism in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 57, 9050-9056. [44] Bellaloui, N., Reddy, K.N., Zablotowicz, R.M., Abbas, H.K. and Abel, C.A. (2009b) Effects of glyphosate application on seed iron and root ferric (III) reductase in soybean cultivars. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 57, 9569-9574.
[1] United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Oilseeds: World markets and trade. Report 2008, Cir-cular Series FOP 11–08.USDA-FAS, Washington, DC. [2] Hurburgh, C.R., Brumm, T.J., Guinn, J.M. and Hartwig, R.A. (1990) Protein and oil patterns in U.S. and world soybean markets. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 67, 966-973. [3] Collins, F.I. and Cartter, J.L. (1956) Variability in chemical composition of seed from different portions of the soybean plant. Agronomy Journal, 48, 216-219. [4] Escalante, E.E. and Wilcox, J.R. (1993) Variation in seed protein among nodes of normal- and high-protein soybean genotypes. Crop Science, 33, 1164-1166. [5] Escalante, E.E. and Wilcox, J.R. (1993) Variation in seed protein among nodes of determinate and indeterminate soybean near-isolines. Crop Science, 33, 1166-1168. [6] Bennett, J.O., Krishnan, A.H., Wiebold, W.J. and Krishnan, H.B. (2003) Positional effect on protein and oil content and composition of soybeans. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51, 6882-6886. [7] Huskey, L.L., Snyder, H.E. and Gbur, E.E. (1990) Analysis of single soybean seeds for oil and protein. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 67(10), 165-167. [8] Sinclair, T.R. and DeWitt, C.T. (1975) Photosynthate and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various crops. Science, 189, 565-567. [9] Shibles, R. and Sundberg, D.N. (1998) Relation of leaf nitrogen content and other traits with seed yield of soybean. Plant Production Science, 1, 3-7. [10] Anderson, J.W. and Fitzgerald, M.A. (2001) Physiological and metabolic origin of sulfur for the synthesis of seed storage proteins. Journal of Plant Physiology, 158, 447-456. [11] Warembourg, F.R. and Fernandez, M. P. (1985) Distribution and remobilization of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in soybean (Glycine max) Physiologia Plantarum, 65, 281-286. [12] Kurdali, F., Kalifa, K. and Al-Shamma, M. (1997) Cultivar differences in nitrogen assimilation, partitioning and mobilization in rain-fed lentil. Field Crops Research, 54, 235–243. [13] Westermann, D.T., Porter, L.K. and O'Deen, W.A. (9185) Nitrogen partitioning and mobilization patterns in bean plants. Crop Science, 25, 225-229. [14] Dekhuijzen, H.M. and Verkerke, D.R. (1984) Uptake, distribution and redistribution of 15nitrogen by Vicia faba under field conditions. Field Crops Reserach, 8, 93-104. [15] Panthee, D.R., Pantalone, V.R., Sams, C.E., Saxton, A.M., Westa, D.R. and Rayford, W.E. (2004) Genomic regions governing soybean seed nitrogen accumulation. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 81(1), 77-81. [16] Hanway, J.J. and Weber, C.R. (1971) Accumulation of N, P, and K by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants. Agronomy Journal, 63, 406-408. [17] Vasilas, B.L., Nelson, R.L., Fuhrmann, J.J. and Evans, T.A. (1995) Relationship of nitrogen utilization patterns with soybean yield and seed fill. Crop Science, 35, 809-813. [18] Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. (2000) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. American Society of Plant Physiology, Rockville, Maryland. [19] Loberg, G.L., Shibles, R., Green, D.E. and Hanway, J.J. (1984) Nutrient mobilization and yield of soybean genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 7, 1311-1327. [20] Egli, D.B. and Bruening, W.P. (2007) Nitrogen accumulation and redistribution in soybean genotypes with variation in seed protein concentration. Plant and Soil, 301, 165-172. [21] Egli, D.B., Meckel, L., Phillips, R.E., Radcliffe, D. and Leggett, J.E. (1983) Moisture Stress and N Redistribution in Soybean. Agronomy Journal, 75, 1027-1031. [22] Harper, J.E. (1987) Nitrogen metabolism. In: Wilcox, J. R., Ed., 2nd Edition, Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, pp. 497-533. [23] Proulx, R.A. and Naeve, S.L. (2009) Pod removal, shade, and defoliation effects on soybean yield, protein, and oil. Agronomy Journal, 101, 971-978. [24] Naeve, S.L. and Shibles, R.M. (2005) Distribution and mobilization of sulfur during soybean reproduction. Crop Science, 45, 2540-2551. [25] Sweeney, D.W. and Granade, G.V. (1993) Yield, nutrient, and soil sulfur response to ammonium sulfate fertilization of soybean cultivars. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 16, 1083-1098. [26] Sexton, P.J., Paek, N.C. and Shibles, R. (1998) Soybean sulfur and nitrogen balance under varying levels of available sulfur. Crop Science, 38, 975-982. [27] Hanway, J.J. and Weber, C.R. (1971) Accumulation of N, P, and K by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants. Agronomy Journal, 63, 406-408. [28] Hunter, W. (1985) Soybean stem in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Annals of Botany, 55, 759-761. [29] Bellaloui, N., Reddy, K.N., Zablotowicz, R.M. and Mengistu, A. (2006) Simulated glyphosate drift influences nitrate assimilation and nitrogen fixation in non- glypho-sate-resistant soybean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 54, 3357-3364. [30] Hiscox, J.D. and Israelstam, G.F. (1979) A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissues without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57, 1332-1334. [31] Arnon, D.I. (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-15. [32] Bellaloui, N., Zablotowicz, R.M., Reddy, K.N. and Abel, C.A. (2008) Nitrogen metabolism and seed composition as influenced by glyphosate application in glyphosate- resistant soybean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 56, 2765-2772. [33] AOAC (1990a) Method 988.05. In: Helrich, K., Ed., 15th Edition, Official Methods of Analysis, The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arlington. [34] AOAC (1990b) Method 920.39. In: Helrich, K., Ed., 15th Edition, Official Methods of Analysis, The Asso-ciation of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc., Arling-ton. [35] SAS (2001) SAS 9.1 TS level 1M3. Windows ver-sion 5.1.2600, SAS Institute, Cary. [36] Cooper, R.L., Martin, R.J., St. Martin, S.K., Calip-Dubois, A., Fioritto, R.J. and Schmitthenner, A.F. (2001) Registration of ‘Croton 3.9’ Soy-bean. Crop Science, 41, 588. [37] Burkey, K.O., Wilson, R.F. and Wells, R. (1997) Effects of canopy shade on the lipid composition of soybean leaves. Physiologia Planarum, 101, 591-598. [38] Shibles, R., Secor, J. and Ford, D.M. (1987) Carbon assimilation and metabolism. In: Wilcox, J.R., Ed., 2nd Edition, Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses, ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, 535-588. [39] Wardlaw, I.F.T. (1990) Review no. 27. The control of carbon partitioning in plants. New Phytololy, 116, 341-381. [40] Lawn, R.J. and Brun, W.A. (1974) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybeans. I. Effect of photosynthetic source- sink manipulations. Crop Science, 14, 11-16. [41] Andrade, F.H. and Ferreiro, M.A. (1996) Reproductive growth of maize, sun-flower and soybean at different source levels during grain filling. Field Crops Re-search, 48, 155-165. [42] Wahua, T.A.T. and Miller, D.A. (1978) Effects of shading on the N2–fixation, yield, and plant composition of field-grown soybeans. Agronomy Journal, 70, 387-392. [43] Bellaloui, N., Abbas, H.K., Gillen, A.M. and Abel, C.A. (2009a) Effect of glyphosate?boron application on seed composition and nitrogen metabolism in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 57, 9050-9056. [44] Bellaloui, N., Reddy, K.N., Zablotowicz, R.M., Abbas, H.K. and Abel, C.A. (2009b) Effects of glyphosate application on seed iron and root ferric (III) reductase in soybean cultivars. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 57, 9569-9574.