Bernhard J. Mitterauer^*

Abstract: After the description of a brain model based on glial-neuronal interactions, a computer system for simulation of human perception, called clocked perception system, is proposed. The computer system includes a receptor field with sensors, each of which receives data with specific characteristics. These data are passed to processors, whereby only those connections between sensors and processors are released that are suited for an evaluation of the data according to a combination of specific data dictated by a phase program circuit. The computer system also includes a selector circuit that discards those dictated program commands that lead to a “senseless” computation result. A motor program circuit for the control of effectors may be connected to the computer system which at least contributes to the movement of the receptor field in order to bring the receptor field closer to suitable data with specific characteristics for better execution of the program. From disorders of the computer system implications are deduced for the pathophysiology of the schizophrenic syndrome. Finally, a novel treatment approach to this syndrome is proposed.

Keywords: Glial-Neuronal Interactions; Clocked Perception System; Technical Implementation; schizophrenic Syndrome

Cite this paper: nullMitterauer, B. (2010) Computer system for simulation of human perception. Some implications for the pathophysiology of the schizophrenic syndrome. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 3, 964-977. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2010.310127.

References

[1]   Rosenblatt, F. (1962) Principles of neurodynamics: Perception and the theory of brain mechanisms. Spartan Books, Washington, D. C.

[2]   Nolfi, S. and Floreano, D. (2000) Evolutionary robotics. The Biology, Intelligence, and Technology of Self-Orga- nizing Machines, MIT Press, Cambridge.

[3]   Sarhan, A.M. (2009) Iris recognition using discrete cosine transform and artificial neural networks. Journal of Computer Science, 5(5), 369-373.

[4]   Mitterauer, B., Leitgeb, H. and Reitboeck, H.J. (1996) The neuro-glial synchronization hypothesis. Recent Research Developments in Biological Cybernetics, 1(1), 137-155.

[5]   Mitterauer, B. (1998) An interdisciplinary approach towards a theory of consciousness. Bio-systems, 45(1), 99-121.

[6]   Mitterauer, B. (2000) Some principles for conscious robots. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 10(1), 27-56.

[7]   Mitterauer, B. (2001) Clocked perception system. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 11(4), 269-298.

[8]   Mitterauer, B. (2004) Computer system, particularly for simulation of human perception via sense organs. United States Patent, 6, 697, 789B2.

[9]   Kettenmann, H. and Ransom, B.R. (2005) Neuroglia. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

[10]   . Halassa, M.M and Haydon, P.G. (2010) Integrated brain circuits: Astrocytic networks modulate neuronal activity and behaviour. Annual Review of Physiology, 72, 335- 355.

[11]   Halassa, M.M., Fellin, T., Takano, H., Dong, J. and Haydon, P.G. (2007) Synaptic islands defined by the territory of a single astrocyte. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(24), 6473-6477.

[12]   Newman, E.A. (2005) Glia and synaptic transmission. In: H. Kettenmann and B. R. Ransom, Eds., Neuroglia, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 355-366.

[13]   Haydon, P.G. and Carmignoto, G. (2006) Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling. Physiological Review, 86(3), 1009-1031.

[14]   Newman, E.A. and Zahs, K.R. (1997) Calcium waves in retinal glial cells. Science, 275(5301), 844-846.

[15]   Mitterauer, B., Garvin, A.M. and Dirnhofer, R. (2000) The sudden infant death syndrome: A neuro-molecular hypothesis. Neuroscientist, 6(3), 154-158.

[16]   Parri, H.R., Gould, T.M and Crunelli, V. (2001) Spontanous astrocytic Ca2+ oscillations in situ drive NMDAR- mediated neuronal excitation. Nature Neuroscience, 4(8), 803-812.

[17]   Winship, I.R., Plaa, N. and Murphy, T.H. (2007) Rapid astrocyte calcium signals correlate with neuronal activity and onset of the hemodynamic response in vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(23), 6268-6272.

[18]   Mitterauer, B. (2010) Possible Role of Astrocytes in the Sudden Death Infant Syndrome. Artificial Ingenuity, http://www.artificialingenuity.com/BB/viewtopic.php?t=102.

[19]   Rash, J.E. (2010) Molecular disruptions of the panglial syncytium block potassium siphoning and axonal saltatory conduction: Pertinence to neuromyelitis optica and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Neuroscience, 168(4), 982-1008.

[20]   DeFelipe, J., Fields, R.D., Hof, P.R., H?stad, M., Kostovic, I., Meyer, G. and Rockland, K.S. (2010) Cortical white matter: Beyond the pale remarks, main conclusions and discussion. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 3(3).

[21]   Fields, R.D. (2009) The other brain. Simon and Schuster, New York.

[22]   Mitterauer, B. (2007) Where and how could intentional programs be generated in the brain? A hypothetical model based on glial-neuronal interactions. BioSystems, 88(3), 101-112.

[23]   Guenther, G. (1980) Martin Heidegger und die Weltge- schichte des nichts. In: G. Guenther, Ed., Beitr?ge zur Grundlegung einer operationsf?higen Dialektik, Meiner, Hamburg, 260-296.

[24]   Thomas, G.G. (1982) On Permutographs. Supplemente ai Rendiconti del Circulo Matematico di Palermo, 2(2), 275-286.

[25]   Mitterauer, B. (1988) Computer system for simulating reticular formation operation. United States Patent, 4, 783, 741.

[26]   Thomas, G.G. and Mitterauer, B. (1989) Computer for simulating complex processes. United States Patent, 4, 829, 451.

[27]   Baumann, N. and Dinh, D.P. (2001) Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system. Physiological Reviews, 81(2), 871-927.

[28]   Giaume, C. and Theis, M. (2009) Pharmacological and genetic approaches to study connexin-mediated channels in glial cells of the central nervous system. Brain Research Reviews, doi:10.1016/ j.brainresrev.2009.11.005.

[29]   Theis, M., S?hl, G., Elberger, J. and Willecke, K. (2005) Emerging complexities in identity and function of glial connexins. Trends in Neurosciences, 28(4), 188-195.

[30]   Perea, G. and Araque, A. (2005) Glial calcium signalling and neuron-glia communication. Cell Calcium, 38(3-4), 375-382.

[31]   Hebb, D.O. (1949) The organization of behaviour. Wiley, New York.

[32]   Rambidi, N.G. and Yakovenchuk, D. (2001) Chemical reaction-diffusion implementation of finding the shortest paths in a labyrinth. Physical Reviews, E63.026607.

[33]   Dean, B., Boer, S., Gibbons, A., Money, T. and Scarr, E. (2009) Recent advances in post-mortem pathology and neurochemistry in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(2), 154-160.

[34]   Mitterauer, B. (2009) Loss of function of glial gap junctions may cause severe cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Medical Hypotheses, 73(7), 393-397.

[35]   Mitterauer, B. (2010) Synaptic imbalances in endogenous psychoses. Bio-systems, 100(1), 113-121.

[36]   Mitterauer, B. (2003) The loss of self-boundaries: Towards a neuromolecular theory of schizophrenia. Bio-systems, 72(2), 209-215.

[37]   Mitterauer, B. and Kopp, C. (2003) The self-composing brain: Towards a glial-neuronal brain theory. Brain and Cognition, 51(4), 357-367.

[38]   Rall, W. (1995) Theoretical significance of dendritic trees for neuronal input-output relations. In: I. Segev, J. Rinzel, G.M. Shephard, Eds., The Theoretical Foundation of Dendrite Function, MIT Press, Cambridge, 122-146.

[39]   Kondziella, D., Brenner, E., Eyjolfsson, E.M. and Sonnewald, U. (2007) How do glial-neuronal interactions fit into current neurotransmitter hypotheses of schizophrenia. Neurochemistry International, 50(3), 291-301.

[40]   Rametti, G., Jungue, C., Falcon, C., Bargalló, N., Catalán, R., Penadés, R., Garzon, B. and Bernado, M. (2009) A voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study of temporal white matter in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 171(3), 166-176.

[41]   Holden, C. (2003) Deconstructing schizophrenia. Science, 299, 333-335.

[42]   Thomas, G.G. (1985) Introduction to kenogrammatics. Proceedings of the 13th Winter School on Abstract Analysis, section of Topology, Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo, 2(11), 113-123.

[43]   Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D. C., 1998.

[44]   Frith, C.D. (1999) The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Psychology Press, Sussex.

[45]   Beatty, W.W. (1993) Cognitive and emotional disturbances in multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Clinics, 11(1), 189-204.

[46]   Fornito, A., Y?cel, M. and Pantelis, C. (2009) Reconciling neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(3), 312-319.

[47]   Kubicki, M., McCarley, R.W. and Shenton, M.E. (2005) Evidence for white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18(2), 121- 134.

[48]   Dwork, A.J., Mancevski, B. and Rosoklija, G. (2007) White matter and cognitive function in schizophrenia. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 10(4), 513-536.

[49]   Wolf, R.C., H?se, A., Frasch, K., Walter, H. and Vasic, N. (2008) Volumetric abnormalities with cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 23 (8), 541-548.

[50]   Giuditta, A., Chun, J.I., Eyman, M., Cefaliello, C., Bruno, A.P. and Crispino, M. (2008) Local gene expression in axons and nerve endings: The glia-neuron unit. Physiological Reviews, 88(5), 515-555.

[51]   Barash, Y., Calarco, J.A., Gao, W., Pan, Q., Wang, X., Shai, O., Blencowe, B.J. and Frey, B.J. (2010) Deciphering the splicing code. Nature, 465(6), 53-59.