References
[1] Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
[2] American Society of Plastic Surgeons (2011). Plastic surgery statistics report. URL (last checked 3 January 2013).
http://www.plasticsurgery.org/News-and-Resources/2011-Statistics-.html
[3] Bessenoff, G. R. (2006). Can the media affect us? Social comparison, self-discrepancy, and the thin ideal. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 239-251. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00292.x
[4] Brownmiller, S. (1984). Femininity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
[5] Burckle, M. A., Ryckman, R. M., Gold, J. A., Thornton, B., & Audesse, R. J. (1999). Forms of competitive attitude and achievement orientation in relation to disordered eating. Sex Roles, 40, 853-870.
doi:10.1023/A:1018873005147
[6] Callaghan, G. M., Lopez, A., Wong, L., Northcross, J., & Anderson, K. R. (2011). Predicting consideration of cosmetic surgery in a college population: A continuum of body image disturbance and the importance of coping strategies. Body Image, 8, 267-274.
doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.002
[7] Calogero, R. M., Pina, A., Park, L., & Rahemtulla, Z. (2010). The role of sexual objectification in college women’s cosmetic surgery attitudes. Sex Roles, 63, 32-41. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9759-5
[8] Cash, T. F. (2000). Manuals for the appearance schemas inventory, body image ideals questionnaire, multi-dimensional body-self relations questionnaire, and situational inventory of body-image dysphoria. URL (last checked 3 January 2013).
http://www.body-images.com
[9] Cash, T. (2002). The situational inventory of body-image dysphoria: Psychometric evidence and development of a short form. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32, 362-366.
doi:10.1002/eat.10100
[10] Chapkis, W. (1986). Beauty secrets: Women and the politics of appearance. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
[11] Collier, S. A., Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., & Gold, J. A. (2010). Competitive personality attitudes and forgiveness of others. Journal of Psychology, 144, 535-543. doi:10.1080/00223980.2010.511305
[12] Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354. doi:10.1037/h0047358
[13] Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. doi:10.1037/12293-000
[14] Derenne, J. L., & Beresin, E. V. (2006). Body image, media, and eating disorders. Academic Psychiatry, 30, 257-261.
doi:10.1176/appi.ap.30.3.257
[15] Dru, V. (2003). Relationships between an ego orientation scale and a hypercompetitive scale: Their correlates with dogmatism and authoritarianism factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1509-1524. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00366-5
[16] Fisher, M. (2004). Female intrasexual competition decreases female facial attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 271, S283-S285. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0160
[17] Fisher, M., & Cox, A. (2011). Four strategies used during intrasexual competition for mates. Personal Relationships, 18, 20-38.
doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01307.x
[18] Franzoi, S. (1995). The body-as-object versus the body-as-process: Gender differences and gender considerations. Sex Roles, 33, 417 437. doi:10.1007/BF01954577
[19] Franzoi, S., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences is a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 173-178.
doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4802_12
[20] Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.
doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
[21] Hatfield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1986). Mirror, mirror... The importance of looks in everyday life. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
[22] Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1974). Short forms of the Texas social behavior inventory (TSBI), an objective measure of self-esteem. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4, 473-475.
[23] Henderson-King, D., & Henderson-King, E. (2005). Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: Scale development and validation. Body Image, 2, 137-149. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.03.003
[24] Henderson-King, D., & Brooks, K. D. (2009). Materialism, socio-cultural appearance messages, and parental attitudes predict college women’s attitudes about cosmetic surgery. Psychology of Women’s Quarterly, 33, 133-142. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01480.x
[25] Hesse-Biber, S. (1996). Am I thin enough yet? New York: Oxford University Press.
[26] Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.
[27] Moradi, B., & Huang, Y. (2008). Objectification theory and psychology of women: A decade of advances and future directions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32, 377-398.
doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00452.x
[28] Muth, J. L., & Cash, T. F. (1997). Body-image attitudes: What difference does gender make? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1438-1452. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01607.x
[29] Pliner, P., Chaikin, S., & Flett, G. L. (1990). Gender differences in concern with body weight and physical appearance over the life span. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 263-273.
doi:10.1177/0146167290162007
[30] Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 119-125.
doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198201)38:1<119::AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I
[31] Ross, S. R., Rausch, M. K., & Canada, K. E. (2003). Competition and cooperation in the five-factor model: Individual differences in achievement orientation. Journal of Psychology, 137, 323-337.
doi:10.1080/00223980309600617
[32] Rothblum, E. D. (1994). “I’ll die for the revolution but don’t ask me not to diet”: Feminism and the continuing stigmatization of obesity. In P. Fallon, M. A. Katzman, & S. C. Wooley (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on eating disorders (pp. 53-76). New York: Guilford Press.
[33] Ryckman, R. M. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
[34] Ryckman, R. M., & Hamel, J. (1992). Female adolescents’ motives related to involvement in organized team sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, 147-160.
[35] Ryckman, R. M., Hammer, M., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1990). Construction of a hypercompetitive attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 620-629.
doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5503&4_19
[36] Ryckman, R. M., Hammer, M., Kaczor, L. M., & Gold, J. A. (1996). Construction of a personal development competitive attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 374-386.
doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6602_15
[37] Ryckman, R. M., Libby, C. R., van den Borne, B., Gold, J. A., & Lindner, M. A. (1997). Values of hypercompetitive and personal development competitive individuals. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69, 271-283. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6902_2
[38] Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., Gold, J. A., & Burckle, M. A. (2002). Romantic relationships of hypercompetive individuals. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 517-530.
doi:10.1521/jscp.21.5.517.22619
[39] Ryckman, R. M., Thornton, B., & Butler, J. C. (1994). Personality correlates of the hypercompetitive attitude scale: Validity tests of Horney’s theory of neurosis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84-94. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6201_8
[40] Sarwer, D. B., & Crerand, C. E. (2004). Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image, 1, 99-111.
doi:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00003-2
[41] Seid, R. P. (1994). Too “close to the bone”: The historical context for women’s obsession with slenderness. In P. Fallon, M. A. Katzman, & S. C. Wooley (Eds.), Feminist perspectives on eating disorders (pp. 3-16). New York: Guilford Press.
[42] Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Cachelin, F. M. (1999). Bod image concerns and disordered eating in adolescent girls: Risk and protective factors. In N. G. Johnson, M. C. Roberts, & J. Worell (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp. 85-108). Washington DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10325-003
[43] Thornton, B., Lovley, A., Ryckman, R. M., & Gold, J. A. (2009). Playing dumb and knowing it all: Competitive orientation and impression management strategies. Individual Differences Research, 7, 265-271.
[44] Thornton, B., & Moore, S. (1993). Physical attractiveness contrast effect: Implications for self-esteem and evaluations of the social self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 474-480.
doi:10.1177/0146167293194012
[45] Thornton, B., Ryckman, R. M., & Gold, J. A. (2011a). Hypercompetitiveness and relationships: Further implications for romantic, family, and peer relationships. Psychology: Individual Development, 2, 269 274.
[46] Thornton, B., Ryckman, R. M., & Gold, J. A. (2011b). Competitive orientations and the type A behavior pattern. Psychology: Individual Development, 2, 411-415.
[47] Veale, D. (2004). Advances in a cognitive behavioral model of body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 1, 113-125.
doi:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00009-3
[48] Watson, P. J., Morris, R. J., & Miller, L. (1998). Narcissism and the self as continuum: Correlations with assertiveeness and hyper competitiveness. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 17, 249-259.
doi:10.2190/29JH-9GDF-HC4A-02WE
[49] Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. NY: William Morrow and Company.