Studies of the Turkish form of the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production
Author(s)
Aysenur Yontar Togrol
ABSTRACT
This paper explains the results of multi-year applications of the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production in a Turkish context with Turkish participants. The purpose of the study is to present the results of several empirical studies conducted by different Turkish samples, using the instrument which was developed by Jellen and Urban for measuring the creative thinking potentials of individuals. The number of the subjects of all the studies described here totaled to 1529. These participants were of various ages and at various levels of ability, and they included primary school students, university students, and adults, as well as 369 gifted students, and 64 subjects with neurological problems. The author introduces the evaluation procedures, discusses the culturally fair characteristics of the test, and makes a case for the utility of the instrument in Turkey with a comparison of existing data in the literature related to the instrument.
This paper explains the results of multi-year applications of the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production in a Turkish context with Turkish participants. The purpose of the study is to present the results of several empirical studies conducted by different Turkish samples, using the instrument which was developed by Jellen and Urban for measuring the creative thinking potentials of individuals. The number of the subjects of all the studies described here totaled to 1529. These participants were of various ages and at various levels of ability, and they included primary school students, university students, and adults, as well as 369 gifted students, and 64 subjects with neurological problems. The author introduces the evaluation procedures, discusses the culturally fair characteristics of the test, and makes a case for the utility of the instrument in Turkey with a comparison of existing data in the literature related to the instrument.
Cite this paper
Togrol, A. (2012). Studies of the Turkish form of the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production. Creative Education, 3, 1326-1331. doi: 10.4236/ce.2012.38194.
Togrol, A. (2012). Studies of the Turkish form of the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production. Creative Education, 3, 1326-1331. doi: 10.4236/ce.2012.38194.
References
[1] Almeida, L. S., Prieto, L. P., Ferrando, M., Olivera, E., & Ferrandiz, C. (2008). Torrance test of creative thinking: The question of its construct validity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 3, 53-58. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2008.03.003 [2] Baer, J. (1991). Generality of creativity across performance domains. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 23-39. doi:10.1080/10400419109534371 [3] Baer, J. (1996). The effects of task-specific divergent-thinking training. Creativity Research Journal, 30, 183-187. [4] Baer, J. (1998). The case for domain specificity of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 173-177. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1102_7 [5] Baer, J. (1999). Gender differences. In M. A. Runco, & S. V. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (pp. 753-758). London: Academic Press. [6] Blumen-Pardo, S. (2002). Effects of a teacher training workshop on creativity, cognition, and school achievement in gifted and non-gifted second-grade students in Lima, Peru. High Ability Studies, 13, 47-58. doi:10.1080/13598130220132307 [7] Brown, R. T. (1989). Creativity: What are we to measure? In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3-321). New York: Plenum Press. [8] Can Yasar, M., & Aral, N. (2011). The study of the effect of socioeconomic level and parents’ educational status on creative thinking skills of six-year-old children. Kuramsal Egitimbilim, 4, 137-145. [9] Cropley, A. J. (1999). Definitions of creativity. In M. A. Runco, & S. V. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (pp. 511- 524). London: Academic Press. [10] Cropley, A. J. (2000). Defining and measuring creativity: Are creativity tests worth using? Roeper Review, 23, 72-79. doi:10.1080/02783190009554069 [11] Cropley, A. J. (2001). Creativity in education and learning: A guide for teachers and educators. London: Kogan Page. [12] Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S., McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini mental state, A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 [13] Funham, A., & Bachtiar, V. (2008). Personality and intelligence as predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 613- 617. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.023 [14] Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. [15] Getzels, J. W. (1991). Creativity and human development. In K. Marjoribanks (Ed.), The foundations of students’ learning (pp.155-166). Oxford: Pergamon Press. [16] Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444-454. doi:10.1037/h0063487 [17] Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 3-14. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00002.x [18] Horan, R. (2007). The relationship between creativity and intelligence: A combined yogic-scientific approach. Creativity Research Journal, 19, 179-202. doi:10.1080/10400410701397230 [19] Hu, W., & Adey, P. (2002). A scientific creativity test for secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 24, 389- 403. doi:10.1080/09500690110098912 [20] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1986). The TCT-DP (Test for creative thinking-drawing production): An instrument that can be applied to most age and ability groups. The Creative Child and Adult Quarterly, 3, 138-151. [21] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1987). The TCT-DP: Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production manual. Hannover: University of Hannover. [22] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1989a). Expanding world-wide awareness of creative potential. Gifted Child Today, 12, 31- 33. [23] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1989b). Assessing creative potential worldwide: The first cross-cultural application of the test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). Gifted Education International, 6, 78-86. doi:10.1177/026142948900600204 [24] Kim, K. H. (2005). Can only intelligent people be creative? A metaanalysis. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16, 57-66. [25] Kim, K. H. (2012). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of the torrance test of creative thinking (TTCT). Creativity Research Journal, 18, 3-14. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1801_2 [26] Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Creativity, intelligence and culture: Connections and possibilities. In P. Meusburger, J. Funke, & E. Wunder, (Eds.), Milieus of creativity—An interdisciplinary approach to spatiality of creativity. New York: Springer. [27] Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2009). Is one dimension enough? A response to Simonton’s varieties of (scientific) creativity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 453-454. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01153.x [28] Klausen, S. H. (2010). The notion of creativity revisited: A philosophical perspective on creativity research. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 347-360. doi:10.1080/10400419.2010.523390 [29] Lau, S., & Cheung, P. C. (2010). Creativity assessment: Comparability of the electronic and paper-and-pencil version of the Wallach-Kogan creativity tests. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5, 101-107. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2010.09.004 [30] Martinsen, O. L. (2011). The creative personality: A synthesis and development of the creative person profile. Creativity Research Journal, 23, 185-202. doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.595656 [31] Oral, G., Kaufman, C. J., & Agars, M. D. (2007). Examining creativity in Turkey: Do western findings apply? High Ability Studies, 18, 235- 246. doi:10.1080/13598130701709590 [32] Runco, M. A., & Pritzker, S. V. (1999). Encyclopedia of creativity. London: Academic Press. [33] Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657-687. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502 [34] Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. London: Elsevier Inc. [35] Runco, M. A., Millar, G., Acar, S., & Cramond, B. (2010). Torrance tests of creative thinking as predictors of personal and public achievement: A fifty-year follow-up. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 361- 368. doi:10.1080/10400419.2010.523393 [36] Silvia, P. J., Nusbaum, E. C., Berg, C., Martin, C., & O’Connor, A. (2009). Openness to experience, plasticity, and creativity: Exploring lower-order, high-order, and interactive effects. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 1087-1090. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.015 [37] Simonton, D. K. (2000). Creativity: Cognitive, personal, developmental, and social aspects. American Psychologist, 55, 151- 158. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.151 [38] Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Handbook of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. [39] Sternberg, R. J., & O’Hara L. A. (1999). Encyclopedia of creativity. London: Academic Press. [40] Sternberg, R. J. (2001). What is the common thread of creativity? Its dialectical relation to intelligence and wisdom. American Psychologist, 56, 360-362. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.4.360 [41] Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The nature of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 87-98. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1801_10 [42] Tan, A. G., & Law, L. C. (2004). Creativity for teachers. London: Marshall Cavendish Academic. [43] Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking—norms technical manual research edition—verbal tests, forms A and B—figural tests, forms A and B. Princeton: Personnel Pres. Inc. [44] Torrance, E. P. (1972). Torrance tests of creative thinking—directions manual and scoring guide—figural test, booklet A. Lexington: Personnel Pres. Inc. [45] Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance tests of creative thinking—norms technical manual research edition—verbal tests, forms A and B— figural tests, forms A and B . Princeton: Personnel Pres. Inc. [46] Togrol, A., Togrol, E., Saracoglu, M., Tanr?dag, O., & Akyatan, N. (1998). Creativity in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 30, 139. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(98)90359-2 [47] Togrol, A. (1999). Turkish form of the test for creative thinking. Egitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 23, 45-51. [48] Togrol, A. (2000). Prospective teachers’ divergent thinking abilities. Fourth International Conference on Creative Thinking, Malta, 24-25 July 2000. [49] Togrol E., Togrol A., & Can S. (2002). Creative thinking in epilepsy. 12th Meeting of the European Neurological Society, Berlin, 22-26 June 2002. [50] Urban, K. (1990). The test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). Hannover: University of Hannover. [51] Urban, K. K. (1991). On the development of creativity in children. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 177-179. doi:10.1080/10400419109534384 [52] Urban, K. K. (2004). Assessing creativity: The test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP)—The concept, application, evaluation, and international studies. Psychology Science, 46, 387-397. [53] Urban, K. K. (2005). Assessing creativity: The test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). International Education Journal, 6, 272-280. [54] Villalba, E. (2012). Searching for holy grail of measuring creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 1-2. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.649235 [55] Yavuz, N., & Gurtekin, Y. (1997). Unutkanl?k ve k?sa mental durum degerlendirme testi (KMDDT). GATA Bulteni, 39, 251-255. [56] Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. [57] Woodman, R. W., & Schoenfeld, L. F. (1989). Individual differences in creativity: An interactionist perspective. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 77-91). New York: Plenum Press.
[1] Almeida, L. S., Prieto, L. P., Ferrando, M., Olivera, E., & Ferrandiz, C. (2008). Torrance test of creative thinking: The question of its construct validity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 3, 53-58. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2008.03.003 [2] Baer, J. (1991). Generality of creativity across performance domains. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 23-39. doi:10.1080/10400419109534371 [3] Baer, J. (1996). The effects of task-specific divergent-thinking training. Creativity Research Journal, 30, 183-187. [4] Baer, J. (1998). The case for domain specificity of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 173-177. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1102_7 [5] Baer, J. (1999). Gender differences. In M. A. Runco, & S. V. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity (pp. 753-758). London: Academic Press. [6] Blumen-Pardo, S. (2002). Effects of a teacher training workshop on creativity, cognition, and school achievement in gifted and non-gifted second-grade students in Lima, Peru. High Ability Studies, 13, 47-58. doi:10.1080/13598130220132307 [7] Brown, R. T. (1989). Creativity: What are we to measure? In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3-321). New York: Plenum Press. [8] Can Yasar, M., & Aral, N. (2011). The study of the effect of socioeconomic level and parents’ educational status on creative thinking skills of six-year-old children. Kuramsal Egitimbilim, 4, 137-145. [9] Cropley, A. J. (1999). Definitions of creativity. In M. A. Runco, & S. V. Pritzker (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Creativity (pp. 511- 524). London: Academic Press. [10] Cropley, A. J. (2000). Defining and measuring creativity: Are creativity tests worth using? Roeper Review, 23, 72-79. doi:10.1080/02783190009554069 [11] Cropley, A. J. (2001). Creativity in education and learning: A guide for teachers and educators. London: Kogan Page. [12] Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S., McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini mental state, A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 [13] Funham, A., & Bachtiar, V. (2008). Personality and intelligence as predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 613- 617. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.023 [14] Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. [15] Getzels, J. W. (1991). Creativity and human development. In K. Marjoribanks (Ed.), The foundations of students’ learning (pp.155-166). Oxford: Pergamon Press. [16] Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444-454. doi:10.1037/h0063487 [17] Guilford, J. P. (1967). Creativity: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1, 3-14. doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.1967.tb00002.x [18] Horan, R. (2007). The relationship between creativity and intelligence: A combined yogic-scientific approach. Creativity Research Journal, 19, 179-202. doi:10.1080/10400410701397230 [19] Hu, W., & Adey, P. (2002). A scientific creativity test for secondary school students. International Journal of Science Education, 24, 389- 403. doi:10.1080/09500690110098912 [20] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1986). The TCT-DP (Test for creative thinking-drawing production): An instrument that can be applied to most age and ability groups. The Creative Child and Adult Quarterly, 3, 138-151. [21] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1987). The TCT-DP: Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production manual. Hannover: University of Hannover. [22] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1989a). Expanding world-wide awareness of creative potential. Gifted Child Today, 12, 31- 33. [23] Jellen, H. G., & Urban, K. K. (1989b). Assessing creative potential worldwide: The first cross-cultural application of the test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). Gifted Education International, 6, 78-86. doi:10.1177/026142948900600204 [24] Kim, K. H. (2005). Can only intelligent people be creative? A metaanalysis. The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16, 57-66. [25] Kim, K. H. (2012). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of the torrance test of creative thinking (TTCT). Creativity Research Journal, 18, 3-14. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1801_2 [26] Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Creativity, intelligence and culture: Connections and possibilities. In P. Meusburger, J. Funke, & E. Wunder, (Eds.), Milieus of creativity—An interdisciplinary approach to spatiality of creativity. New York: Springer. [27] Kaufman, J. C., & Baer, J. (2009). Is one dimension enough? A response to Simonton’s varieties of (scientific) creativity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 453-454. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01153.x [28] Klausen, S. H. (2010). The notion of creativity revisited: A philosophical perspective on creativity research. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 347-360. doi:10.1080/10400419.2010.523390 [29] Lau, S., & Cheung, P. C. (2010). Creativity assessment: Comparability of the electronic and paper-and-pencil version of the Wallach-Kogan creativity tests. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 5, 101-107. doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2010.09.004 [30] Martinsen, O. L. (2011). The creative personality: A synthesis and development of the creative person profile. Creativity Research Journal, 23, 185-202. doi:10.1080/10400419.2011.595656 [31] Oral, G., Kaufman, C. J., & Agars, M. D. (2007). Examining creativity in Turkey: Do western findings apply? High Ability Studies, 18, 235- 246. doi:10.1080/13598130701709590 [32] Runco, M. A., & Pritzker, S. V. (1999). Encyclopedia of creativity. London: Academic Press. [33] Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657-687. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502 [34] Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. London: Elsevier Inc. [35] Runco, M. A., Millar, G., Acar, S., & Cramond, B. (2010). Torrance tests of creative thinking as predictors of personal and public achievement: A fifty-year follow-up. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 361- 368. doi:10.1080/10400419.2010.523393 [36] Silvia, P. J., Nusbaum, E. C., Berg, C., Martin, C., & O’Connor, A. (2009). Openness to experience, plasticity, and creativity: Exploring lower-order, high-order, and interactive effects. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 1087-1090. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.015 [37] Simonton, D. K. (2000). Creativity: Cognitive, personal, developmental, and social aspects. American Psychologist, 55, 151- 158. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.151 [38] Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Handbook of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. [39] Sternberg, R. J., & O’Hara L. A. (1999). Encyclopedia of creativity. London: Academic Press. [40] Sternberg, R. J. (2001). What is the common thread of creativity? Its dialectical relation to intelligence and wisdom. American Psychologist, 56, 360-362. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.4.360 [41] Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The nature of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 87-98. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1801_10 [42] Tan, A. G., & Law, L. C. (2004). Creativity for teachers. London: Marshall Cavendish Academic. [43] Torrance, E. P. (1966). Torrance tests of creative thinking—norms technical manual research edition—verbal tests, forms A and B—figural tests, forms A and B. Princeton: Personnel Pres. Inc. [44] Torrance, E. P. (1972). Torrance tests of creative thinking—directions manual and scoring guide—figural test, booklet A. Lexington: Personnel Pres. Inc. [45] Torrance, E. P. (1974). Torrance tests of creative thinking—norms technical manual research edition—verbal tests, forms A and B— figural tests, forms A and B . Princeton: Personnel Pres. Inc. [46] Togrol, A., Togrol, E., Saracoglu, M., Tanr?dag, O., & Akyatan, N. (1998). Creativity in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 30, 139. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(98)90359-2 [47] Togrol, A. (1999). Turkish form of the test for creative thinking. Egitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 23, 45-51. [48] Togrol, A. (2000). Prospective teachers’ divergent thinking abilities. Fourth International Conference on Creative Thinking, Malta, 24-25 July 2000. [49] Togrol E., Togrol A., & Can S. (2002). Creative thinking in epilepsy. 12th Meeting of the European Neurological Society, Berlin, 22-26 June 2002. [50] Urban, K. (1990). The test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). Hannover: University of Hannover. [51] Urban, K. K. (1991). On the development of creativity in children. Creativity Research Journal, 4, 177-179. doi:10.1080/10400419109534384 [52] Urban, K. K. (2004). Assessing creativity: The test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP)—The concept, application, evaluation, and international studies. Psychology Science, 46, 387-397. [53] Urban, K. K. (2005). Assessing creativity: The test for creative thinking-drawing production (TCT-DP). International Education Journal, 6, 272-280. [54] Villalba, E. (2012). Searching for holy grail of measuring creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 1-2. doi:10.1080/10400419.2012.649235 [55] Yavuz, N., & Gurtekin, Y. (1997). Unutkanl?k ve k?sa mental durum degerlendirme testi (KMDDT). GATA Bulteni, 39, 251-255. [56] Wallach, M. A., & Kogan, N. (1965). Modes of thinking in young children. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. [57] Woodman, R. W., & Schoenfeld, L. F. (1989). Individual differences in creativity: An interactionist perspective. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 77-91). New York: Plenum Press.