Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Anti-Adhesion Effects on Uropathogenic Bacteria, Observed in Urine after Cranberry Juice Consumption
Affiliation(s)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, UK. School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Canada.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, UK. School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Canada.
ABSTRACT
A volunteer was given cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) or water to drink, and urine was collected at 2 and 8 hours after consumption, in order to quantitatively determine whether adhesion forces were changed for the volunteer after CJC consumption. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure adhesion forces between bacteria and a silicon nitride tip. Forces between Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus and the AFM tip were lower in the urine after the volunteer consumed CJC, compared to drinking water. A steric model was applied to the AFM data, in order to quantify how the urine changed the properties of the bacterial surfaces. There was a small decrease in the equilibrium length of surface molecules on the bacteria when in the post-CJC urine, compared to the post-water urine. However, these changes were not statistically significant. We hypothesize that post-CJC urine imparts subtle changes on the molecules of the bacterial surfaces, and that these changes lead to the reduction in adhesion with the AFM probe.
A volunteer was given cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) or water to drink, and urine was collected at 2 and 8 hours after consumption, in order to quantitatively determine whether adhesion forces were changed for the volunteer after CJC consumption. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure adhesion forces between bacteria and a silicon nitride tip. Forces between Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus and the AFM tip were lower in the urine after the volunteer consumed CJC, compared to drinking water. A steric model was applied to the AFM data, in order to quantify how the urine changed the properties of the bacterial surfaces. There was a small decrease in the equilibrium length of surface molecules on the bacteria when in the post-CJC urine, compared to the post-water urine. However, these changes were not statistically significant. We hypothesize that post-CJC urine imparts subtle changes on the molecules of the bacterial surfaces, and that these changes lead to the reduction in adhesion with the AFM probe.
Cite this paper
L. Abu-Lail, Y. Tao, P. Pinzón-Arango, A. Howell and T. Camesano, "Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Anti-Adhesion Effects on Uropathogenic Bacteria, Observed in Urine after Cranberry Juice Consumption," Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, Vol. 3 No. 4, 2012, pp. 533-540. doi: 10.4236/jbnb.2012.324055.
L. Abu-Lail, Y. Tao, P. Pinzón-Arango, A. Howell and T. Camesano, "Using Atomic Force Microscopy to Measure Anti-Adhesion Effects on Uropathogenic Bacteria, Observed in Urine after Cranberry Juice Consumption," Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, Vol. 3 No. 4, 2012, pp. 533-540. doi: 10.4236/jbnb.2012.324055.
References
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[1] B. Foxman, The epidemiology of urinary tract infection, Nat Rev Urol, 7 (2010) 653-660. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.190 [2] J. Avorn, M. Monane, J.H. Gurwitz, R.J. Glynn, I. Choodnovskiy, L.A. Lipsitz, Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice, JAMA, 271 (1994) 751-754. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510340041031 [3] M.E. McMurdo, L.Y. Bissett, R.J. Price, G. Phillips, I.K. Crombie, Does ingestion of cranberry juice reduce symptomatic urinary tract infections in older people in hospital? A double-blind, place-bo-controlled trial, Age Ageing, 34 (2005) 256-261. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi101 [4] J. Salo, M. Uhari, M. Helminen, M. Korppi, T. Nieminen, T. Pokka, T. Kontiokari, Cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrences of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Clin Infect Dis, 54 (2012) 340-346. doi:10.1093/cid/cir801 [5] L. Stothers, A randomized trial to evaluate effectiveness and cost effectiveness of naturopathic cranberry products as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection in women, Canadian Journal of Urology, 9 (2002) 1558-1662. [6] C. Barbosa-Cesnik, M.B. Brown, M. Buxton, L. Zhang, J. DeBusscher, B. Foxman, Cranberry juice fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Clin Infect Dis, 52 (2011) 23-30. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq073 [7] A.B. Howell, H. Botto, C. Combescure, A.B. Blanc-Potard, L. Gausa, T. Matsumoto, P. Tenke, A. Sotto, J.P. Lavigne, Dosage effect on uropathogenic Escherichia coli anti-adhesion activity in urine following consumption of cranberry powder standardized for proanthocyanidin content: a multicentric randomized double blind study., BMC Infect Dis, 10 (2010) 94. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-94 [8] T.A. Russo, J.R. Johnson, Medical and economic impact of extraintestinal infections due to Escherichia coli: focus on an increasingly important endemic problem, Microbes Infect, 5 (2003) 449-456. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00049-2 [9] M. Vittori, A. D'Addessi, F. Sasso, E. Sacco, A. Totaro, A. Calarco, D. D'Agostino, G. Palermo, P.F. Bassi, Microbiological follow-up of nosocomial infections in a single urological center, Urologia, 0 (2012) 0. [10] F. Alvarez-Lerma, M.P. Gracia-Arnillas, M. Palomar, P. Olaechea, J. Insausti, M.J. López-Pueyo, J.J. Otal, R. Gimeno, I. Seijas, G.d.I.d.E.N.d.V.d.I.N.e. UCI, Urethral catheter-related urinary infection in critical patients admitted to the ICU. Descriptive data of the ENVIN-UCI STUDY, Med Intensiva, (2012). [11] M. Bitsori, S. Maraki, S. Koukouraki, E. Galanakis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa urinary tract infection in children: risk factors and outcomes, J Urol, 187 (2012) 260-264. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.035 [12] C.R. Arciola, L. Baldassarri, L. Montanaro, Presence of icaA and icaD genes and slime production in a collection of staphylococcal strains from catheter-associated infections, J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001) 2151-2156. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.6.2151-2156.2001 [13] C.R. Arciola, D. Campoccia, P. Speziale, L. Montanaro, J.W. Costerton, Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials, Biomaterials, 33 (2012) 5967-5982. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.031 [14] P.A. Pinzón-Arango, Y. Liu, T.A. Camesano, Role of cranberry on bacterial adhesion forces and implications for Escherichia coliuroepithelial cell attachment., J Med Food, 12 (2009) 259-270. doi:10.1089/jmf.2008.0196 [15] A.E. Sobota, Inhibition of bacterial adherence by cranberry juice: potential use for the treatment of urinary tract infections, Journal of Urology, 131 (1984) 1013-1016. [16] A.B. Howell, B. Foxman, Cranberry juice and adhesion of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens., JAMA, 287 (2002) 3082-3083. doi:10.1001/jama.287.23.3082 [17] Y. Liu, M.A. Black, L. Caron, T.A. Camesano, Role of cranberry juice on molecular-scale surface characteristics and adhesion behavior of Escherichia coli., Biotechnol Bioeng, 93 (2006) 297-305. doi:10.1002/bit.20675 [18] Y. Tao, P.A. Pinzon-Arango, A.B. Howell, T.A. Camesano, Oral consumption of cranberry juice cocktail inhibits molecular-scale adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Journal of Medicinal Food, in press (2010). [19] P. Di Martino, R. Agniel, J.L. Gaillard, P. Denys, Effects of cranberry juice on uropathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro biofilm formation, J Chemother, 17 (2005) 563-565. [20] P. Di Martino, R. Agniel, K. David, C. Templer, J.L. Gaillard, P. Denys, H. Botto, Reduction of Escherichia coli adherence to uroepithelial bladder cells after consumption of cranberry juice: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled cross-over trial, World J Urol, 24 (2006) 21-27. doi:10.1007/s00345-005-0045-z [21] V. Dupres, F.D. Menozzi, C. Locht, B.H. Clare, N.L. Abbott, S. Cuenot, C. Bompard, D. Raze, Y.F. Dufrêne, Nanoscale mapping and functional analysis of individual adhesins on living bacteria, Nature Methods, 2 (2005) 515-520. doi:10.1038/nmeth769 [22] D. Alsteens, E. Dague, C. Verbelen, G. Andre, V. Dupres, Y.F. Dufrêne, Nanoscale imaging of microbial pathogens using atomic force microscopy, Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol, 1 (2009) 168-180. doi:10.1002/wnan.18 [23] Y.F. Dufrene, Atomic force micro-scopy of fungal cell walls: an update, Yeast, 27 (2010) 465-471. doi:10.1002/yea.1773 [24] I.E. Ivanov, E.N. Kintz, L.A. Porter, J.B. Goldberg, N.A. Burnham, T.A. Camesano, Relating the physical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides to virulence using atomic force microscopy., J Bacteriol, (2011). doi:10.1128/JB.01308-10 [25] H.-J. Butt, Kappl, M., Mueller, H., Raiteri, R., Steric forces measured with the atomic force microscope at various temperatures, Langmuir, 15 (1999) 2559-2565. doi:10.1021/la981503+ [26] T.A. Camesano, B.E. Logan, Probing bacterial electrosteric interactions using atomic force microscopy, Environmental Science & Technology, 34 (2000) 3354-3362. doi:10.1021/es9913176 [27] T.A. Camesano, M.J. Natan, B.E. Logan, Observation of Changes in Bacterial Cell Morphology Using Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy, Langmuir 16 (2000) 4563-4572. [28] P.G. de Gennes, Polymers at an interface: A simplified view, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 27 (1987) 189-209. doi:10.1016/0001-8686(87)85003-0 [29] S. Alexander, Adsorption of chain molecules with a polar head a scaling description, J. Phys. II (Paris), 38 (1977) 983-987. [30] D.P. Chang, N.I. Abu-Lail, F. Guilak, G.D. Jay, S. Zauscher, Conformational mechanics, adsorption, and normal force interactions of lubricin and hyaluronic acid on model surfaces, Langmuir, 24 (2008) 1183-1193. doi:10.1021/la702366t [31] T.J. Foster, M. Hook, Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus, Trends in Microbiology, 6 (1998) 484-488. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01400-0 [32] K.L. Laplante, S.A. Sarkisian, S. Woodmansee, D.C. Rowley, N.P. Seeram, Effects of Cranberry Extracts on Growth and Biofilm Production of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus species, Phytother Res, (2012). doi:10.1002/ptr.4592