Nitric oxide-factor, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in the adult brain of amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii
Affiliation(s)
A.V. Zhyrmunskii Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia. St.Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
A.V. Zhyrmunskii Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia. St.Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
ABSTRACT
The distribution of proliferative zones, NO-producing cells and apoptosis areas in the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus and hypothalamus of Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii was investigated, using techniques of immunoperoxidase staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), neuronal nitric oxide synthase and TU-NEL-labeling of fragmented DNA. It has been established, that in the sturgeon brain NO can act both as a cytotoxic proapoptogenic factor, and as a factor, which stimulates cell proliferation. The presence of NO-producing elements in somato- and viscerosensory areas of medulla oblongata, tectum, cerebellum and thalamus suppose, that in these brain areas NO constitutes apoptogenic factor, which induces the cells death in a territory of postmitotic neuroblasts, renders controlling effect on development and differentiating of chemosensory, visual, motor and hypophysotropic brain areas in postnatal ontogenesis. Maximal proliferating activity and high concentration of NO-ergic cells were revealed in external layers, adjoining to the medullar, cerebellar and tectum membranes, that allow to suppose NO participation in postnatal morphogenesis of these brain structures as a factor, which regulates cell proliferation. In sensory centers (tectum and nuclei of the V, VII, and X nerves), significantly varying ratios of intensities of proliferation and apoptosis were found; this is indicative of dissimilar rates of growth and differentiation in visual and chemosensory centers of the sturgeon brain. Presence of NO-producing elements in the PCNA- immuno-labeling and TUNEL-labeling brain areas allow to consider NO as a factor, which balances processes of proliferation and apoptosis in the sturgeon brain.
The distribution of proliferative zones, NO-producing cells and apoptosis areas in the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, optic tectum, thalamus and hypothalamus of Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii was investigated, using techniques of immunoperoxidase staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), neuronal nitric oxide synthase and TU-NEL-labeling of fragmented DNA. It has been established, that in the sturgeon brain NO can act both as a cytotoxic proapoptogenic factor, and as a factor, which stimulates cell proliferation. The presence of NO-producing elements in somato- and viscerosensory areas of medulla oblongata, tectum, cerebellum and thalamus suppose, that in these brain areas NO constitutes apoptogenic factor, which induces the cells death in a territory of postmitotic neuroblasts, renders controlling effect on development and differentiating of chemosensory, visual, motor and hypophysotropic brain areas in postnatal ontogenesis. Maximal proliferating activity and high concentration of NO-ergic cells were revealed in external layers, adjoining to the medullar, cerebellar and tectum membranes, that allow to suppose NO participation in postnatal morphogenesis of these brain structures as a factor, which regulates cell proliferation. In sensory centers (tectum and nuclei of the V, VII, and X nerves), significantly varying ratios of intensities of proliferation and apoptosis were found; this is indicative of dissimilar rates of growth and differentiation in visual and chemosensory centers of the sturgeon brain. Presence of NO-producing elements in the PCNA- immuno-labeling and TUNEL-labeling brain areas allow to consider NO as a factor, which balances processes of proliferation and apoptosis in the sturgeon brain.
KEYWORDS
Adult Neurogenesis; Nitric Oxide; Apoptosis; Sturgeon; Neotenia; Development of Sensory Systems
Adult Neurogenesis; Nitric Oxide; Apoptosis; Sturgeon; Neotenia; Development of Sensory Systems
Cite this paper
Pushchina, Е. and Obukhov, D. (2012) Nitric oxide-factor, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in the adult brain of amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 3, 788-804. doi: 10.4236/abb.2012.326099.
Pushchina, Е. and Obukhov, D. (2012) Nitric oxide-factor, which regulates proliferation and apoptosis in the adult brain of amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 3, 788-804. doi: 10.4236/abb.2012.326099.
References
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[1] Zupanc, G.K.H., Hinsch, K., Gagr, F.H. (2005). Proliferation, migration, neuronal differentiation and long-term survival of new cells in the adult zebrafish brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 488, 290–319. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi:10.1002/cne.20571 [2] Grandel, H., Kaslin, J., Ganz, J., Wenzel, I., Brand, M. (2006). Neural stem cells and neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish brain: origin, proliferation dynamics, migration and cell fate. Dev. Biol. 295, 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.040 [3] Soutschek, J.,and Zupanc, G.K.H. (1996). Apoptosis in the cerebellum of adult teleost fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. Dev. Brain Res. 97, 279–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.040 [4] Ampatzis, К., Dermon, С. (2007). Sex differences in adult cell proliferation within the zebrafish (Danio rerio) cerebellum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25, 1030-1040. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05366.x [5] Arevalo, R., Alonso, J.R., Garcia-Ojeda, E., Brinón, J.G., Crespo, C., Aijón, J. (1995). NADPH-diaphorase in the central nervous system of the tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758). J. Comp. Neurol. 352, 398-420. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.903520307 [6] Bruning, G., Katzbach, R., Mayer, B. (1995). Histochemical and immunocytochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in the central nervous system of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. J Comp Neurol. 358, 353-382. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.903580305 [7] Villani, L., Guarnieri, T. (1995). Localization of NADPH-diaphorese in the goldfish brain. Brain Res. 679, 261-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00240-Q [8] Virgilli, M., Poli, A., Beraudi, A., Giuliani, A., Villani, L. (2001). Regional distribution of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase activities in the central nervous system of teleost. Brain Res. 901, 202-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02357-5 [9] Bordieri, L., Persichini, T., Venturini, G., Cioni, C. (2003). Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the preoptic-hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of the teleost Oreochromis niloticus. Brain Behav Evol. 62, 43-55. doi: 10.1159/000071959 [10] Jadhao, A.G., Malz, C.R. (2004). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity in the brain of a cichlid fish, with remarkable findings in the entopeduncular nucleus: a histochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat. 27, 75-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.12.001 [11] Perez, S.E., Adrio, F., Rodriguez, M.A., Rodriguez-Moldes, I., Anadon, R. (1996). NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry reveals oligodendrocytes in the rainbow trout (teleosts). Neurosci. Lett. 205, 83-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12379-X [12] Ma, P.M. (1993). Tanycytes in the sunfish brain: NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and regional distribution. J. Comp. Neurol. 336, 77-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.903360107 [13] Holmqvist, B., Ellingsen, B., Forsell, J., Zhdanova, I., Alm, P. (2003). The early ontogeny of neuronal nitric oxide synthase systems in the zebrafish. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 923-935. doi: 10.1242/jeb.00845 [14] Bruni, J.E. (1998). Ependymal development, proliferation, and function. Res. Tech. 41, 2-13. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291097-0029%2819980401%2941:1%3C2::AID-JEMT2%3E3.0.CO;2-Z [15] Oqura, T., Nakayama, N., Fujisawa, H., Esumi, H. (1996). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in neuronal cell differentiation. Neurosci. Lett. 204, 89-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(96)12324-7 [16] Cuodhi, B. (2001). Glial cells: basic components of clusters of supramedullary neurons in pufferfish. J. Neurocytol. 30, 503-513. doi: 10.1023/A:1015641201599 [17] Villani, L. (1999). Development of NADPH-diaphorase in the central nervous system of the cichlid fish Tilapia mariae. Brain Behav. Evol. 54, 147-158. doi: 10.1159/000006619 [18] Holmqvist, B., Ekstrom, P. (1997). Subcellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the brain of a teleost; an immunoelectron and confocal microscopical study. Brain Res. 745, 67-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01128-6 [19] Merkulov, G. A. (1969) Course of Pathological/Histological Technique [in Russian], Meditsina, Leningrad. 423 p. [20] Fritsche, R., Schwerte, T., Peltser, B. (2000). Nitric oxide and vascular reactivity in developing zebrafish, Danio rerio. Am. J. Phisiol. Reg. Int. Comp. Physiol. 279, 2200-2207. http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/6/R2200 [21] Devades, M., Liu, Z., Kaneda, M., Arai, K., Matsukawa, T., Kato, S. (2001). Changes in NADPH diphorase expression in the fish visual system during optic nerve regeneration and retinal development. Neurosci. Res. 40, 359-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00251-6 [22] Holmqvist, B., Ellingsen, B., Alm, P., Forsell, J., Oyan, A., Goksoyr, A., Fjose, A., Seo, H. (2000). Identification and distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the brain of adult zebrafish. Neurosci Lett. 292, 119-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01460-9 [23] Wulliman, M.F., Knipp, S. (2000). Proliferation patterns changes in the zebrafish brain from embryonic through early postembryonic stages. Anat. Embriol. 202, 385-400. http://www.springerlink.com/content/yahxhg9tvvq64clm doi: 10.1007/s004290000115 [24] Mize, R.R., Dawson, T.M., Dawson, V.L., Friedlander, M.J. (1998). Nitric oxide in brain development, plasticity and disease. Progress in Brain Research. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 118, 1-302. [25] Puenova, N., Scheinker, V., Cline, H., Enikolopov, G. (2001). Nitric oxide is an essential negative regulator of cell proliferation in Xenopus brain. J. Neurosci. 21, 8809-8818. http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/22/8809. [26] Sturrock, R.R. (1981) An electron microscopic study of the development of the ependyma of the central canal of the mouse spinal cord. J. Anat. 132, 119-136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1233400 [27] Abbate, F., Laura, R., Muglia, U., Bronzetti, P. (1993) Differentiation of ependymal surface of lateral ventricles in fetus and newborn rabbits: observations by SEM. Anat. Histol. Embriol. 22, 348-254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8129170 [28] Bicker, G. (2005). Stop and go with NO: nitric oxide as regulator of cell motility in simple brains. BioEssays. 27, 495-505. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.20221 [29] Romero-Grimaldi, C., Moreno-Lуpez, B., Estrada, C. (2008) Age-dependent effect of nitric oxide on subventricular zone and olfactory bulb neural precursor proliferation. J. Comp. Neurol., 506, 339–346. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.21556 [30] Islam, A.T., Kuraoka, A., Kawabuchi, M. (2003) Morphological basis of nitric oxide production and its correlation with the polysialylated precursor cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult guinea pig hippocampus. Anat. Sci. 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