Whither the Community? Lessons Madagascar Can Learn from Israel’s Water Policy
Author(s)
Richard R. Marcus
ABSTRACT
Madagascar wrote a fundamentally new Water Code in 1998. It focused on maximizing the number of people with access to clean water through a process of decentralized water management and cost recovery. This paper is concerned with the policy problem this presents at the community level—is Malagasy water law the best possible for the country? Combining community-level focus group studies and policy analysis, this study examines Malagasy water policy shifts focusing on localization of water governance to parallel localization efforts in Israel. This study concludes that Madagascar’s water policy is flawed. Using a case study from the arid south this study explores the impact of these alternatives to ineffective state-centric policies. Comparing to Israel’s policy process this study finds that the Malagasy policy process has not been a process at all, the institutions are not in place, and the requisite levels of investment are not forthcoming. Rather than empowering communities as stewards of their own resources, community level management has been undermining effective governance by allowing the state to recede, and minimizing economic resources, while ignoring local capacity, local will, and increasing local water poverty.
Madagascar wrote a fundamentally new Water Code in 1998. It focused on maximizing the number of people with access to clean water through a process of decentralized water management and cost recovery. This paper is concerned with the policy problem this presents at the community level—is Malagasy water law the best possible for the country? Combining community-level focus group studies and policy analysis, this study examines Malagasy water policy shifts focusing on localization of water governance to parallel localization efforts in Israel. This study concludes that Madagascar’s water policy is flawed. Using a case study from the arid south this study explores the impact of these alternatives to ineffective state-centric policies. Comparing to Israel’s policy process this study finds that the Malagasy policy process has not been a process at all, the institutions are not in place, and the requisite levels of investment are not forthcoming. Rather than empowering communities as stewards of their own resources, community level management has been undermining effective governance by allowing the state to recede, and minimizing economic resources, while ignoring local capacity, local will, and increasing local water poverty.
Cite this paper
R. Marcus, "Whither the Community? Lessons Madagascar Can Learn from Israel’s Water Policy," Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 4 No. 10, 2012, pp. 812-830. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2012.410094.
R. Marcus, "Whither the Community? Lessons Madagascar Can Learn from Israel’s Water Policy," Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 4 No. 10, 2012, pp. 812-830. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2012.410094.
References
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Rosenbaum, Eds., Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance across Social Scales, Praeger, 2003. [24] I. Droy, “La Réhabilitation des Petits Périmètres Irrigués à Madagascar: Une Réponse aux Importations de Riz?” Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, 1991, pp. 117-127. [25] R. Bhatia and M. Falkenmark, “Water Resource Policies and the Urban Poor: Innovative Approaches and Policy Imperatives,” Water and Sanitation Current, UNDP- World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Washington DC, 1993. [26] State of Israel, “The Water Law of 1959,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998. http://www.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0ax30 [27] State of Israel, “The Water Law of 1959,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 1.11-1.12, 1959. [28] H. TokichSharon, “The Evolution of National Wastewater Management Regimes—The Case of Israel,” Water, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2010, pp. 439-460. doi:10.3390/w2030439 [29] Y. Kislev, “Water Pricing in Israel in Theory and Practice,” Unpublished Paper, Vol. 6, 2010. [30] R. Laster and D. Livney, “Israel: The Evolution of Water Law and Policy,” In: J. W. Dellapenna and J. Gupta, Eds., The Evolution of Law and Politics in Water, Springer Publishing, New York, 2009. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_8 [31] Israel Water Authority, “Monthly Hydrological Status Report: Surface Water in the Main Drain and Groundwater Levels in the National System,” 2012. http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/ProfessionalInfoAndData/Data-Hidrologeime/DocLib2/Hydrological-Report.pdf [32] N. Becker, D. Lavee and D. Katz, “Desalination and Alternative Water-Shortage Mitigation Options in Israel: A Comparative Cost Analysis,” Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 2, 2010, pp. 1042-1056. doi:10.4236/jwarp.2010.212124 [33] Y. Kislev, “Urban Water in Israel,” Unpublished Paper, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, Hebrew University, 2002, Personal Communication. [34] State of Israel, “Water and Sewage Corporations Law,” Knesset, 2001. [35] Personal Communication, 2005. [36] M. Bied-Charreton, “Dynamismes Internes et Interven- tions Externs: Le Parimètrehydroagricole de Behara Dans l’extrème sud de Madagascar,”Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Sciences Humaines, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1976, pp. 75-89.
[1] H. Lyautey, “Lettres du Sud de Madagascar: 1900-1902,” Librarie Armand Colin, Paris, 1935. [2] é. de. Flacourt, “Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar,” INALCO: Karthala, Paris, 1995, p. 1661. [3] C. Radimilahy and J. A. Rakotoarisoa, “Case Study: Southern Madagascar,” Urban Landscape Dynamics— Symposium, Uppsala Universitet, 2003. [4] J. A. Rakotoarisoa, “Mille ans D’Occupation Humaine Dans le Sud-Est de Madagascar: Anosy, Uneile au Milieu des terre,” éditions L’Harmattan, Paris, 1998. [5] K. Wittfogel, “Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power,” Yale University Press, New Haven, 1957. [6] J. H. Rakotondrainibe, W. H. Randriamanga, M. Rako- tomavo and J. Ravelojaona, “Mise à jour de l’etude 20/20 (Document Annexe IV, Secteur Eau et Assainissement),” Republique de Madagascar et Systeme des Nations Unies, Decembre 2001. [7] I. Droy and J.-L. Dubois, “Gender Inequality in Rural Madagasca R: A Constraint to the Development of Women’s Capabilities,” Conference Proceedings—Promoting Women’s Capabilities: Examining Nussbaum’s Capabilities Approach, 9-10 September 2002, Cambridge, 2002. [8] R. R. Marcus, “Tokana: The Collapse of the Rural Malagasy Community,” African Studies Review, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2008, pp. 85-104. [9] R. R. Marcus, “Executive Disorder: Madagascar,” Jane’s Intelligence, May 2009. [10] S. Randrianja, “Madagascar, le coup d’Etat de 2009,” Karthala, Paris, 2012. [11] World Bank, “Madagascar Governance and Development Effectiveness Review: A Political Economy Analysis of Governance in Madagascar,” Report No. 54277-MG, Public Sector Reform and Capacity Building Unit, 2010. [12] E. Ostrom, T. Dietz, N. Dolsak, P. C. Stern, S. Stonich and E. U. Weber, “The Drama of the Commons,” Na- tional Research Council, Washington DC, 2002. [13] Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), 2012. http://www.arcgis.com [14] Government of Madagascar, “Enquete Nationale Demo- graphique et Sanitaire 2008-09,” Centre National de Recherches sur l’Environnement, 2010. [15] G. Heurtebize, “Histoire des Afomaraolahy,” Centre de Documentation ed de Recherche Surl’Asie du Sud-Est et le Monde Insulindien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1986. [16] A. Dinar and A. Subramanian, “Water Pricing Experiences: The International Perspective,” World Bank Tech- nical Paper No. 386, 1997. [17] Direction de l'eau et Assainissement, “Projet Pilote d’Alimentation en Eau Potable et Assainissement en Milieu Rural,” Mission de revue à mi-Parcours, 2002. [18] Government of Madagascar, “Database of SIGFP/World Bank,” As Calculated by Author. [19] R. R. Marcus, “Where Community-Based Water Re- source Management Has Gone Too Far: Poverty and Disempowerment in Southern Madagascar,” Conservation and Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2007, pp. 202-231. [20] B. Minten, R. Razafindralambo, Z. Randriamiarana and B. Larson, “Water Pricing, the New Water Law, and the Poor: An Estimation of Demand for Improved Water Ser- vices in Madagascar,” Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper No. 129, Cornell University, 2002. [21] INSTAT (Institut national de la statistique, Madagascar), “Evolution de la Pauvreté à Madagascar: 1993-1999,” INSTAT, 2001. [22] M. W. Rosegrant, X. M. Cai and S. A. Cline, “Global Water Outlook to 2025,”International Food and Resource Policy Institute, Washington DC, 2002. [23] D. Galvan and R. R. Marcus, “Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Resource Management through Institutional Syncretism in Madagascar and Senegal,” In: H. Bressers and W. Rosenbaum, Eds., Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance across Social Scales, Praeger, 2003. [24] I. Droy, “La Réhabilitation des Petits Périmètres Irrigués à Madagascar: Une Réponse aux Importations de Riz?” Cahiers des Sciences Humaines, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, 1991, pp. 117-127. [25] R. Bhatia and M. Falkenmark, “Water Resource Policies and the Urban Poor: Innovative Approaches and Policy Imperatives,” Water and Sanitation Current, UNDP- World Bank Water and Sanitation Program, Washington DC, 1993. [26] State of Israel, “The Water Law of 1959,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998. http://www.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0ax30 [27] State of Israel, “The Water Law of 1959,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs: 1.11-1.12, 1959. [28] H. TokichSharon, “The Evolution of National Wastewater Management Regimes—The Case of Israel,” Water, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2010, pp. 439-460. doi:10.3390/w2030439 [29] Y. Kislev, “Water Pricing in Israel in Theory and Practice,” Unpublished Paper, Vol. 6, 2010. [30] R. Laster and D. Livney, “Israel: The Evolution of Water Law and Policy,” In: J. W. Dellapenna and J. Gupta, Eds., The Evolution of Law and Politics in Water, Springer Publishing, New York, 2009. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_8 [31] Israel Water Authority, “Monthly Hydrological Status Report: Surface Water in the Main Drain and Groundwater Levels in the National System,” 2012. http://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/ProfessionalInfoAndData/Data-Hidrologeime/DocLib2/Hydrological-Report.pdf [32] N. Becker, D. Lavee and D. Katz, “Desalination and Alternative Water-Shortage Mitigation Options in Israel: A Comparative Cost Analysis,” Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 2, 2010, pp. 1042-1056. doi:10.4236/jwarp.2010.212124 [33] Y. Kislev, “Urban Water in Israel,” Unpublished Paper, Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, Hebrew University, 2002, Personal Communication. [34] State of Israel, “Water and Sewage Corporations Law,” Knesset, 2001. [35] Personal Communication, 2005. [36] M. Bied-Charreton, “Dynamismes Internes et Interven- tions Externs: Le Parimètrehydroagricole de Behara Dans l’extrème sud de Madagascar,”Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Sciences Humaines, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1976, pp. 75-89.