Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chemically Modified Epoxy Resin
ABSTRACT
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), having number average molecular weight (Mn) 375, was modified by incorporating the hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based prepolymer using isophorone diisocyanate as a coupling agent. To increase the compatibility between the epoxy resin and HTPB part, polar groups were introduced in the later to achieve physical and chemical interactions between the two phases. The finally modified DGEBA system was cured with amine based hardener. FTIR and 1H-NMR were used to monitor the whole modification procedure. The rubber particles size and distribution was monitored as a function of HTPB contents in the resin system using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties have shown that the tensile strength, toughness, ductility and impact strength of the modified cured system have been successfully increased at some optimum HTPB contents without affecting the inherent thermal and thermo-mechanical stability associated with DGEBA resin system. Some of the mechanical properties like flexural modulus, tensile modulus and compressive strength decreased with increasing rubber contents.
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA), having number average molecular weight (Mn) 375, was modified by incorporating the hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based prepolymer using isophorone diisocyanate as a coupling agent. To increase the compatibility between the epoxy resin and HTPB part, polar groups were introduced in the later to achieve physical and chemical interactions between the two phases. The finally modified DGEBA system was cured with amine based hardener. FTIR and 1H-NMR were used to monitor the whole modification procedure. The rubber particles size and distribution was monitored as a function of HTPB contents in the resin system using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties have shown that the tensile strength, toughness, ductility and impact strength of the modified cured system have been successfully increased at some optimum HTPB contents without affecting the inherent thermal and thermo-mechanical stability associated with DGEBA resin system. Some of the mechanical properties like flexural modulus, tensile modulus and compressive strength decreased with increasing rubber contents.
Cite this paper
S. Ikram and A. Munir, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chemically Modified Epoxy Resin," Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications, Vol. 1 No. 3, 2012, pp. 36-43. doi: 10.4236/ojsta.2012.13007.
S. Ikram and A. Munir, "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chemically Modified Epoxy Resin," Open Journal of Synthesis Theory and Applications, Vol. 1 No. 3, 2012, pp. 36-43. doi: 10.4236/ojsta.2012.13007.
References
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[1] E. W. Crandall and W. Mih, “Chemorheology of Thermosetting Polymers,” American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1983. [2] G. Odian, “Principles of Polymerization,” 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991. [3] J. R. Fried, “Polymer Science and Technology”, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1995. [4] F. J. McGarry, “Rubber in Crosslinked Glassy Polymers,” Proceedings from ACS Rubber Division 129th Meeting, Paper No. 86. 1986. [5] Y. Huang, et al. “Mechanisms of Toughening Thermoset Resins,” Advances in Chemistry, Vol. 233, 1993, pp. 1-35. [6] F. J. McGarry and A. M. Willner, “Toughening of an Epoxy Resin,” Wiley Interscience, New York, 1968. [7] S. C. Kunz, J. A. Sayre and R. A. Assink, “Morphology and Toughness Characterization of Epoxy Resins Modified with Amine and Carboxyl Terminated Rubbers,” Polymer, Vol. 23, 1982, pp. 1897-1906. [8] R. S. Raghava, Proceedings of the 28th National AMPLE Conference, Azusa, 1983, 367. [9] C. B. Bucknall and I. K. Partridge, “Phase Separation in Epoxy Resins Containing Polyethersulphone,” Polymer, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1983, pp. 639-644. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(83)90120-9 [10] A. H. Gilbert and C. B. Bucknall, “Epoxy Resins Toughened With Thermoplastic,” Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia, Vol. 45, No. 1, 289, 1991, pp. 289-298. [11] J. K. Kim and R. E. Robertson, “Toughening of Thermoset Polymers by Rigid Crystalline Particles,” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1992, pp. 161-174. doi:10.1007/BF02403659 [12] A. K. Banthia, P. N. Chaturvdi, V. Jha and V. N. S. Pendyala, “Rubber Toughened Plastics,” American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1989. [13] R. E. Tonghsaent, D. A. Thomas and L. H. Sperling, “Toughness and Brittleness of Plastics,” American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1976. [14] L. H. Spelling and H. D. Sarge, “Joined and Sequential Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Poly (dimethylsiloxane),” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 16, No. 11, 1972, pp. 3041-3046. doi:10.1002/app.1972.070161128 [15] R. K. Samal, B. K. Senapati and T. B. Behuray, “Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel Copolymer Resins III,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 68, No. 13, 1998, pp. 2183-2187. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980627)68:13<2183::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-0 [16] H. H. Wang and J. C. Chen, “Modified Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A with Modification of Matrix Resin Networks with Engineering Thermoplastics,” Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 35, No. 18, 1995, pp. 1468-1475. doi:10.1002/pen.760351807 [17] H. Harani, S. Fellahi and M. Baker, “Toughening of Epoxy Resin Using Synthesized Polyurethane Prepolymer Based on Hydroxyl-Terminated Polyesters,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 70, No. 13, 1998, pp. 2603-2618. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981226)70:13<2603::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-4 [18] H. H. Wang and J. C. Chen, “Toughening of Epoxy Resin by Functional-Terminated Polyurethanes and/or Semicrystalline Polymer Powders,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 82, No. 12, 2000, pp. 2903-2912. [19] E. L. Warrik, O. R. Piece, K. E. Polmanteer and J. C. Saam, “The Influence of Fumed Silica Properties on the Processing, Curing, and Reinforcement Properties of Silicone Rubber,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 52, 1974, 937. [20] E. M. Yorkgitis, N. S. Eiss, G. Zhilkes and J. E. McGrawth, “Siloxane-Modified Epoxy Resins,” Epoxy Resins and Composites I, Vol. 72, 1985, pp. 79-109. doi:10.1007/3-540-15546-5_4 [21] S. Sankaran and M. Chanda, "Chemical Toughening of Epoxies. I. Structural Modification of Epoxy Resins by Reaction with ydroxy-Terminated Poly (Butadiene-coAcrylonitrile) ,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 39, No. 7, 1990, pp. 1459-1466. doi:10.1002/app.1990.070390704 [22] C. Kaynak, A. Ozturk and T. Tincer, “Flexibility Improvement of Epoxy Resin by Liquid Rubber Modification,” Polymer International, Vol. 51, No. 9, 2002, pp. 749-156.