[1] Aronson, B., Blaney, N., Stephan, C., Sikes, J., & Snapp, M. (1978). The jigsaw classroom. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
[2] Aggarwal, R., & Darzi, A. (2006). Technical-skills training in the 21st century. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 2695-2696. doi:10.1056/NEJMe068179
[3] Aggarwal, R., Grantcharov, T., Moorthy, K., Hance, J., & Darzi, A. (2006). A competency-based virtual reality training curriculum for the acquisition of laparoscopic psychomotor skill. American Journal of Surgery, 191, 128-133. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.10.014
[4] Blaye, A., Light, P. H., Joiner, R., & Sheldon, S. (1991). Joint planning and problem solving on a computer-based task. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 471-483. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835X.1991.tb00890.x
[5] Bradley, P. (2006). The history of simulation in medical education and possible future directions. Medical Education, 40, 254-262. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02394.x
[6] Brunner, W. C., Korndorffer, J. R., Sierra, R., Massarweh, N. N., Dunne, J. B., Yau, C. L., & Scott, D. J. (2004). Laparoscopic virtual reality training: Are 30 repetitions enough? Journal of Surgical Research, 122, 150-156. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2004.08.006
[7] Cohen, E. G. (1994). Restructuring the classroom: Conditions for productive small groups. Review of Educational Research, 64, 1-35. doi:10.3102/00346543064001001
[8] Debas, H. T., Bass, B. L., Brennan, M. R., Flynn, T. C., Folse, R., Freischlag, J. A., Friedmann, P., Greenfield, L. J., Jones, R. S., Lewis, F. R., Malangoni, M. A., Pellegrini, C. A., Rose, E. A., Sachdeva, A. K., Sheldon, G. F., Turner, P. L., Warshaw, A. L., Welling, R. E., & Zinner, M. J. (2005). American surgical association blue ribbon committee report on surgical education: 2004. Annals of Surgery, 241, 1-8. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000150066.83563.52
[9] De Leng, B. A., Muijtjens, A. M., & Van der Vleuten, C. P. (2009). The effect of face-to-face collaborative learning on the elaboration of computer-based simulated cases. Simulation in Healthcare, 4, 217- 222. doi:10.1097/SIH.0b013e3181a39612
[10] Dieckmann, P., & Rall, M. (2008). Designing a scenario as a simulated clinical experience: The TuPASS scenario script. In R. Kyle, & B. W. Murray (Eds.), Clinical simulation: Operations, engineering, and management (pp. 541-550). Burlington: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012372531-8.50096-0
[11] Dillenbourg, P., Baker, M., Blaye, A., & O’Malley, C. (1996). The evolution of research on collaborative learning. In E. Spada, & P. Reiman (Eds.), Learning in humans and machine: Towards an interdisciplinary learning science (pp. 189-211). Oxford: Elsevier.
[12] Dillenbourg, P. (2002). Over-scripting CSCL: The risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design. In P. A. Kirschner (Ed.), Three worlds of CSCL. Can we support CSCL? (pp. 61-91). Heerlen: Open Universiteit Nederland.
[13] Dillenbourg, P., & Hong, F. (2008). The mechanics of macro scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3, 5-23. doi:10.1007/s11412-007-9033-1
[14] Dillenbourg, P., J?rvel?, S., & Fischer, F. (2009). The evolution of research on computer-supported collaborative learning. In N. Balacheff, S. Ludvigsen, T. de Jong, A. Lazonder, & S. Barnes (Eds.), Technology enhanced learning (pp. 3-19). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9827-7_1
[15] Dubrowski, A., & MacRae, H. (2006). Randomised, controlled study investigating the optimal instructor: Student ratios for teaching suturing skills. Medical Education, 40, 59-63. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02347.x
[16] Fior, M. N. (2008). Self and collective ef?cacy as correlates of group participation: A comparison of structured and unstructured computer- supported collaborative learning conditions. Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria: University of Victoria.
[17] Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Mandl, H., & Haake, J. M. (Eds.) (2007). Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning: Cognitive, computational, and educational perspectives. New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-36949-5
[18] Fonseca, B. A., & Chi, M. T. H. (2010). Instruction based on selfexplanation. In R. E. Mayer & P. A. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning and instruction (pp. 296-321). New York: Routledge.
[19] Fraisse, J. (1987). Study of the disruptive role of the partner in the discovery of a cognitive strategy in children 11 years during social interaction. Bulletin de Psychologie, 382, 943-952.
[20] Gaba, D. M. (2004). The future vision of simulation in health care. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13, 2-10. doi:10.1136/qshc.2004.009878
[21] Hassan, I., Maschuw, K., Rothmund, M., Koller, M., & Gerdes, B. (2006). Novices in surgery are the target group of a virtual reality training laboratory. European Surgical Research, 38, 109-113. doi:10.1159/000093282
[22] Heath, C., Hindmarsh J., & Luff, P. (2010). Video in qualitative research. London: Sage.
[23] Hmelo, C., & Day, R. (1999). Contextualized questioning to scaffold learning from simulations. Computers & Education, 32, 151-164. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(98)00062-1
[24] Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2003). Analyzing collaborative knowledge construction: Multiple methods for integrated understanding. Computers & Education, 41, 397-420. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2003.07.001
[25] Holzinger, A., Kickmeier-Rust, M. D., Wassertheurer, S., & Hessinger, M. (2009). Learning performance with interactive simulations in medical education: Lessons learned from results of learning complex physiological models with the Haemodynamics Simulator. Computers & Education, 52, 292-301. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.08.008
[26] H?ll, L. O., S?derstr?m, T., Nilsson, T., & Ahlqvist, J. (2009). Integrating computer based simulation training into curriculum—Complicated and time consuming? In K. Fernstrom, & J. Tsolakidis (Eds.), Readings in technology and education: Proceedings of ICICTE 2009 (pp. 90-98). Fraser Valley: University of the Fraser Valley Press.
[27] H?ll, L. O., & S?derstr?m. (2012). Designing for learning in computer-assisted health care simulations. In J. O. Lindberg, & A. D. Olofsson (Eds.), Informed design of educational technologies in higher education: Enhanced learning and teaching (pp. 167-192). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-080-4.ch010
[28] H?ll, L. O., S?derstr?m, T., Nilsson, T., & Ahlqvist, J. (2011). Collaborative learning with screen-based simulation in health care education: An empirical study of collaborative patterns and proficiency development. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 27, 448-461. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2729.2011.00407.x
[29] Issenberg, S. B., McGaghie, W. C., Petrusa, E. R. I., Lee, G. D., & Scalese, R. J. (2005). Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: A BEME systematic review. Medical Teacher, 27, 10-28. doi:10.1080/01421590500046924
[30] Issenberg, B., Ringsted, C., Ostergaard, D., & Dieckmann, P. (2011). Setting a research agenda for simulation-based healthcare education: A synthesis of the outcome from an utstein style meeting. Simulation in Healthcare, 6, 155-167. doi:10.1097/SIH.0b013e3182207c24
[31] Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Learning together and alone. Cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
[32] Jordan, B., & Henderson, A. (1995). Interaction analysis: Foundations and practice. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4, 39-103. doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0401_2
[33] Kollar, I., Fischer, F., & Hesse, F. W. (2006). Collaboration scripts—A conceptual analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 18, 159-185. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9007-2
[34] Koschmann, T., LeBaron, C., Goodwin, C., & Feltovich, P. (2011). “Can you see the cystic artery yet?” A simple matter of trust. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 521-541. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2009.09.009
[35] Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[36] K?ssi, J., & Luostarinen, M. (2009). Virtual reality laparoscopic simulator as an aid in surgical resident education: Two years’ experience. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 98, 48-54.
[37] Liu, H. C., Andre, T., & Greenbowe, T. (2008). The impact of learner’s prior knowledge on their use of chemistry computer simulations: A case study. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 17, 466- 482. doi:10.1007/s10956-008-9115-5
[38] Luckin, R. (2010). Re-designing learning contexts. Technology-rich, learner centered ecologies. London: Routledge.
[39] Luengo, V., Aboulafia, A., Blavier, A., Shorten, G., Vadcard, L., & Zottmann, J. Novel technology for learning in medicine. In N. Balacheff, S. Ludvigsen, T. de Jong, A. Lazonder & S. Barnes (Eds.), Technology enhanced learning (pp. 105-120). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9827-7_7
[40] McGaghie, W. C., Issenberg, S. B., Petrusa, E. R., & Scalese, R. J. (2010). A critical review of simulation-based medical education research: 2003-2009. Medical Education, 44, 50-63. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03547.x
[41] Mulryan, C. M. (1992). Student passivity in cooperative small groups in mathematics. Journal of Educational Research, 85, 261-273. doi:10.1080/00220671.1992.9941126
[42] Naughton, P. A., Aggarwal, R., Wang, T. T., Van Herzeele, I., Keeling, A. N., Darzi, A. W., & Cheshire, N. J. W. (2011). Skills training after night shift work enables acquisition of endovascular technical skills on a virtual reality simulator. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 53, 858- 866. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.08.016
[43] Nilsson, T., S?derstr?m, T., H?ll, L. O., & Ahlqvist, J. (2006). Collaborative learning efficiency in simulator-based and conventional radiology training. The 10th European Congress of DentoMaxillo- Facial Radiology. Leuven [Not Published].
[44] Nilsson, T. A. (2007). Simulation supported training in oral radiology. Methods and impact in interpretative skill. Doctoral Dissertation, Ume?: Ume? University.
[45] O’Malley, C. (1992). Designing computer systems to support peer learning. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 7, 339-352. doi:10.1007/BF03172898
[46] Palincsar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, 1, 117-175. doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0102_1
[47] Prins, F. J., Veenman, M. V. J., & Elshout, J. J. (2006). The impact of intellectual ability and metacognition on learning: New support for the threshold of problematicity theory. Learning and Instruction, 16, 374-387. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.07.008
[48] Renkl, A. (1997). Lernen durch Lehren—Zentrale Wirkmechanismen beim kooperativen Lernen. Wiesbaden: Deutschber Universit?ts-Verlag.
[49] Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[50] Rogoff, B. (1991). Social interaction as apprenticeship in thinking: guided participation in spatial planning. In L. Resnick, J. Levine, & S. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 349- 364). Washington, DC: APA Books. doi:10.1037/10096-015
[51] Roschelle, J., & Teasley, S. (1995). The construction of shared knowledge in collaborative problem solving. In C. E. O’Malley (Ed.), Computer supported collaborative learning. (pp. 69-97). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85098-1_5
[52] Rummel, N., & Spada, H. (2005). Learning to collaborate: An instructtional approach to promoting collaborative problem solving in computer-mediated settings. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 14, 201-241. doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1402_2
[53] Rystedt, H. (2002). Bridging practices: Simulations in education for the health care professions. Doctoral Dissertation, Gothenburg: Gothenburg University.
[54] Rystedt, H., & Lindwall, O. (2004). The interactive construction of learning foci in simulation-based learning environments: A case study of an anesthesia course. PsychNology Journal, 2, 165-188.
[55] See, L. C., Huang, Y. H., Chang, Y. H., Chiu, Y. J., Chen, Y. F., & Napper, V. S. (2010). Computer-enriched instruction (CEI) is better for preview material instead of review material: An example of a biostatistics chapter, the central limit theorem. Computers & Education, 55, 285-291. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.01.014
[56] Slavin, R. E. (1983). Cooperative learning. New York, NY: Longman.
[57] Slavin, R. E. (2010). Instruction based on cooperative learning. In R. E. Mayer, & P. A. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning and instruction (pp. 334-360). New York: Routledge.
[58] Smith, C. D., Farrell, T. M., McNatt, S. S., & Metreveli, R. E. (2001). Assessing laparoscopic manipulative skills. American Journal of Surgery, 181, 547-550. doi:10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00639-0
[59] Soller, A. (2001). Supporting social interaction in an intelligent collaborative learning system. International Journal of Arti?cial Intelligence in Education, 12, 166-187.
[60] Stahl, G. (2011). Past, present and future of CSCL. The Knowledge Building Summer Institute 2011 and CSCL2011 Post-Conference at the South China Normal University. Guangzhou [Not Published]. URL. http://GerryStahl.net/pub/cscl2011guangzhou.ppt.pdf
[61] Stegmann, K., Weinberger, A., & Fischer, F. (2007). Facilitating argumentative knowledge construction with computer-supported collaboration scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 2, 421-447. doi:10.1007/s11412-007-9028-y
[62] Stegmann, K & Fischer, F. (2011). Quantifying qualities in collaborative knowledge construction. The analysis of online discussions. In S. Puntambekar, G. Erkens, & C. Hmelo-Silver (Eds.), Analyzing interactions in CSCL: Methods, approaches and issues (pp. 247-268). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7710-6_12
[63] S?derstr?m, T., H?ll, L. O., Nilsson, T., & Ahlqvist, J. (2008). How does computer based simulator training impact on group interaction and proficiency development? In Proceedings of ICICte 2008: Readings in Technology and Education (pp. 650-659). Fraser Valley: University of Fraser Valley. URL. http://www.icicte.org/ICICTE2008Proceedings/soderstrom065.pdf
[64] S?derstr?m, T., & H?ll, L. O. (2010). Computer assisted simulations— Students’ experiences of learning radiology. The conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education. Melbourne [Not Published].
[65] S?derstr?m, T., H?ll, L. O., Nilsson, T., & Ahlqvist, J. (2012). Patterns of interaction and dialogue in computer assisted simulation training. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2825-2831. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.571
[66] Tanner, C. A. (2004). Nursing education research: Investing in our future. Journal of Nursing Education, 43, 99-100.
[67] Van Sickle, K. R., Gallagher, A. G., & Smith, C. D. (2007). The effect of escalating feedback on the acquisition of psychomotor skills for laparoscopy. Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques, 21, 220-224. doi:10.1007/s00464-005-0847-5
[68] Webb, N. M. (1989). Peer interaction and learning in small groups. International Journal of Educational Research, 13, 21-39. doi:10.1016/0883-0355(89)90014-1
[69] Weinberger, A., Ertl, B., Fischer, F., & Mandl, H. (2005). Epistemic and social scripts in computer-supported collaborative learning. Instructional Science, 33, 1-30. doi:10.1007/s11251-004-2322-4
[70] Weinberger, A., Kollar, I., Dimitriadis, Y., M?kitalo-Siegl, K., & Fischer, F. (2009). Computer-supported collaboration scripts. Perspectives from educational psychology and computer science. In N. Balacheff, S. Ludvigsen, T. de Jong, A. Lazonder, & S. Barnes (Eds.), Technology enhanced learning (pp. 3-19). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9827-7_10
[71] Wertsch, J. (1998). Mind as action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[72] Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring and problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89-100. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x
[73] Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.