Lethal time at different temperatures and date variety preference of the saw-toothed grain beetle in stored dates
Author(s)
Mohammad Ali Al-Deeb*
ABSTRACT
This electronic document is a “live” template. The various The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), is the most important insect pest attacking stored dates in the United Arab Emirates. We sought to determine the time required to cause 100% mortality (lethal time) in O. surinamensis adults incubated at different temperatures, to measure temperature penetration time inside a date mass, and to study date variety preference of O. surinamensis adults. To do this, adults of O. surinamensis were separately incubated at -22℃, 50℃, and 55℃, for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, per temperature treatment; and we used feeding choice tests on four date varieties (Khelas, Fardh, Lulu, and BuMaán). Results showed that the lethal times of O. surinamensis adults, incubated at -22℃, 50℃, and 55℃, without dates, were 5, 10, and 20 min, respectively; while they were several times higher (30, 90, and 120 min, respectively) in the presence of dates. Results also showed that bigger date masses required either more heating or more freezing time to reach lethal temperatures. We found Khelas to be the least preferred date variety. Future studies should evaluate if heat and chilling injury affect postharvest date quality.
This electronic document is a “live” template. The various The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), is the most important insect pest attacking stored dates in the United Arab Emirates. We sought to determine the time required to cause 100% mortality (lethal time) in O. surinamensis adults incubated at different temperatures, to measure temperature penetration time inside a date mass, and to study date variety preference of O. surinamensis adults. To do this, adults of O. surinamensis were separately incubated at -22℃, 50℃, and 55℃, for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, per temperature treatment; and we used feeding choice tests on four date varieties (Khelas, Fardh, Lulu, and BuMaán). Results showed that the lethal times of O. surinamensis adults, incubated at -22℃, 50℃, and 55℃, without dates, were 5, 10, and 20 min, respectively; while they were several times higher (30, 90, and 120 min, respectively) in the presence of dates. Results also showed that bigger date masses required either more heating or more freezing time to reach lethal temperatures. We found Khelas to be the least preferred date variety. Future studies should evaluate if heat and chilling injury affect postharvest date quality.
Cite this paper
Al-Deeb, M. (2012) Lethal time at different temperatures and date variety preference of the saw-toothed grain beetle in stored dates. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 789-794. doi: 10.4236/as.2012.36095.
Al-Deeb, M. (2012) Lethal time at different temperatures and date variety preference of the saw-toothed grain beetle in stored dates. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 789-794. doi: 10.4236/as.2012.36095.
References
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[1] Date Palm Culture in UAE. (2009) Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory. UAE University. http://datepalm.uaeu.ac.ae/subpages/datepalmcultural.html [2] FAOSTAT. (2012) FAO Statistics. Countries by commodity. Dates. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx [3] Calvin, D. (2001) Saw-toothed and Merchant Grain Beetle. Cooperative Extension Service. Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University. SG-12. [4] Al-Hafeedh, E.M. (2003) Date Palm Trees and Dates in Iraq and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Al-Yakoot Publication and Distribution. Jordan, Amman. [5] Najeeb, M.A. (2001) Pests and Diseases of Date Palm. Ministry of Agriculture and Water. Extension Directorate. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [6] Mason, L.J. (2003) Grain Insect Fact Sheet. Cooperative Extension Service. Department of Entomology, Purdue University. E-228-W. [7] Kilpatrick, A.L., Zungoli, P.A., and Benson, E.P. (2004) Saw-toothed Grain Beetle. Cooperative Extension Service. Department of Entomology, Clemson University. EIIS/HS-46. [8] Mowery, S.V., Mullen, M.A., Campbell, J.F., and Broce, A.B. (2002) Mechanisms Underlying Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis [L.]) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) Infestation of Consumer Food Packaging Materials. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95, 1333–1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.6.1333 [9] Khamrunissa, B., Reddy, P.V., Leelaja, B.C., Rajashekar, Y., and Rajendran, S. (2006) Studies on insect infestation in chocolates. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43, 118–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2006.02.001 [10] Throne, J.E. and Lord, J.C. (2004) Control of saw-toothed grain beetles (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in stored oats by using an entomopathogenic fungus in conjunction with seed resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 1765–1771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-97.5.1765 [11] Fang, L., Subramanyam, B., and Arthur, F.H. (2002) Effectiveness of spinosad on four classes of wheat against five stored-product insects. Journal of Economic Entomology, 95, 640–650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.640 [12] Arthur, F.H. (2000) Immediate and delayed mortality of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) exposed on wheat treated with diatomaceous earth: effects of temperature, relative humidity, and exposure interval. Journal of Stored Products Research, 37, 13–21. [13] Subramanyam, B., Toews, M.D., Ileleji, K.E., Maier, D. M., Thompson, G.D. and Pitts. T.J. (2006) Evaluation of spinosad as a grain protectant on three Kansas farms. Crop Protection, 26, 1021–1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.09.011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022474X(99)00058-2 [14] Lelieveld, H. (2005) Improving Hygiene in the Food Industry. GBR, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge. [15] Hilton, S.J. and Banks, H.J. (1997) Methyl Bromide Sorption and Residues on Sultanas and Raisins. Journal of Stored Products Research, 33, 231–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(97)00003-9 [16] Morrissey, W.A. (2004) Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Regulation of Methyl Bromide.CRS Report for Congress.RS20863. http://www.ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/04dec/RS20863.pdf [17] UNEP. (2004) Montreal Protocol Talks to Con-sider Exemptions from Methyl Bromide Ban. Press Re-lease, UNEP/211, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/unep211.doc.htm. [18] Donahaye, E.J., Navarro, S. and Rindner, M. (1995) Low temperature as an Alternative to Fumigation for Disinfecting Dried Fruit from Three Insect Pests. Journal of Stored Products Research, 31, 63-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(94)00037-T [19] Sheppard, K.O. (1984) Heat sterilization (superheating) as a control for stored-grain pests in a food plant. In: Baur, F.J. (Ed.), Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, USA, 193–200. [20] Wright, E.J., Sinclair, E.A., Annis, P.C. (2002) Laboratory determination of the requirements for control of Trogoderma variabile (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) by heat. Journal of Stored Products Research, 38, 147–155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(01)00011-X [21] SAS. (2001) SAS Users Guide: Statistics. 8th Ed., Statistical Analysis System Institute, Cary, NC., USA. [22] Barreveld, W.H. (1993) Date Palm Products. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No.101. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681e/t0681e00.htm#con [23] Assiry, A.M. (2005) Penetration curves of solar heat into date fruits as a mean to control insects. King Saud University. http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Assiry/Documents/18_alhussein_assiri.pdf [24] CSIRO. (2009) Heat Treatment. http://www.csiro.au/resources/graininheatdisinfestation.html