Taxol as chemical detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed
ABSTRACT
Aflatoxins are the potent toxic, mutagenic, heterogenic and carcinogenic metabolites produced by species of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. In the present study, an attempt has been made to prevent aflatoxin production using an anticancerous drug taxol. Taxol (Paclitaxel) is a well known drug for its anticancerous property mainly to treat breast and ovarian cancers. It was obtained from Taxus brevifolia and it was also obtained from the endophytic fungi present in Taxus brefivolia [1]. Therefore, this drug is specifically selected to screen its activity on the control of A. flavus and AFB1 production at various concentrations. Among the 6 concentrations used, 3 μg of taxol was found to be suitable to control the growth and AFB1 production. The content of AFB1 found at this concentration was 6 ppm by TLC and 6.3 ppm by HPTLC. The complete elimination of AFB1 might require higher concentrations of taxol.
Aflatoxins are the potent toxic, mutagenic, heterogenic and carcinogenic metabolites produced by species of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. In the present study, an attempt has been made to prevent aflatoxin production using an anticancerous drug taxol. Taxol (Paclitaxel) is a well known drug for its anticancerous property mainly to treat breast and ovarian cancers. It was obtained from Taxus brevifolia and it was also obtained from the endophytic fungi present in Taxus brefivolia [1]. Therefore, this drug is specifically selected to screen its activity on the control of A. flavus and AFB1 production at various concentrations. Among the 6 concentrations used, 3 μg of taxol was found to be suitable to control the growth and AFB1 production. The content of AFB1 found at this concentration was 6 ppm by TLC and 6.3 ppm by HPTLC. The complete elimination of AFB1 might require higher concentrations of taxol.
Cite this paper
nullBanu, N. and Muthumary, J. (2010) Taxol as chemical detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Health, 2, 789-795. doi: 10.4236/health.2010.27119.
nullBanu, N. and Muthumary, J. (2010) Taxol as chemical detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Health, 2, 789-795. doi: 10.4236/health.2010.27119.
References
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In: Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [7] Park, D.L. and Stoloff, L. (1989) Aflatoxin control－how a regulatory agency managed risk from an unavoidable natural toxicant in food and feed. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 9, 109. [8] Park, D.L. (1993) Perspectives of mycotoxin decontamination procedures. Food Additives and Contaminants, 10, 49-60. [9] Luter, L., Wysolonzil, W. and Kashyap, S.C. (1982) Cancer Institute Food Science and Technology Journal, 15, 236. [10] Marth, E. and Hadpoyle, M.P. (1979) Food Technology 39, 81. [11] Misra, R.S., Sinha, K.K. and Singh, P. (1981) Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL-3240) on maize seeds in competitive environment. National Academy of Science Letters, 4, 123-124. [12] Horn, B. and Wicklow, D.T. (1983) Factors influencing the inhibition of aflatoxin production in corn by Aspergillus niger. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 29, 1087-1091. [13] Faraj, M.K., Smith, J.E. and Harran, G. (1993) Aflatoxin biodegradation: Effects of temperature and microbes. Mycological Research, 97, 1388-1392. [14] Vilar, M.S., Kuilman-Wahls, M.E.M. and Fink-Gremmels, J. (2003) Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity by cyclopiazonic acid in the presence of human liver preparations. Toxicology Letters, 143, 229-299. [15] Banu, N., Sridhar, S., Muthumary, J. and Rengasamy, R. (2008) Algae as biological detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 1(3), 1-5. [16] Bilgrami, K.S. and Singh, K.K. (1984) Mycotoxin contamination in food and its control. Indian Review of Life Science, 4, 19-36. [17] Heathcote, J.G. and J.R. Hibber. (1978) Aflatoxins: Chemical and biological aspects. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 112-130. [18] Samarajeewa, V., Sen, A.C., Cohen, M.D. and Wei, C.I. (1990) Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and chemical methods. Journal of Food Protection, 53(6), 489-501. [19] Thiesen, J. (1977) Detoxification of aflatoxin in groundnuts meal. Animal Food Science and Technology, 2, 67. [20] Black, L.T., Spencer, G.F. and Brekke., O.L. (1978) Reactions of lipids in corn with ammonia. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 55, 526-529. [21] Conkerton, E.J., Chapital, D.C., Lee L.S. and Ory, R.L. (1980) Effect of ammoniation on the physicochemical properties of peanut and cottonseed meals. Journal of Food Science, 45, 564-569. [22] Piva, G.E., Santi, E., Pietri, A. and Fiorenti, L. (1981) Inactivation of aflatoxin B1 with chemical treatments. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse, 58, 289-295. [23] Schroeder, T., Zwelfer, V., Sagelsdorff, P., Friederich, U., Luthy J. and Schlatter, C. (1985) Ammoniation of aflatoxin-containing corn: Distribution, in vivo covalent deoxyribonucleic acid binding and mutagenicity. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 33, 311-316. [24] Brekke, O.L., Peplinski, A.J., Norsinger, G.W., Conway, H.F., Springfellow, A.C., Mostgomerr, R.R., Siiman, R.W., Sohns, V.E. and Begley, E.B. (1979) Aflatoxin inactivation in corn by Ammonia gas: A field trial. Transactions of the Amercian Society of Agricultural Engineers, 22(2), 425-432. [25] Park, D.L., Lee, L.S., Price, R.L. and Pohland, A.E. (1988) Review of the decontamination of aflatoxins by ammoniation. Current status and regulation. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 71, 685. [26] Park, D.L. (1993) Perspectives of mycotoxin decontamination procedures. Food Additives and Contaminants, 10, 49-60. [27] Park, D.L., Lee, L.S., Price, R.L. and Pohland, A.E. (1988) Review of the decontamination of aflatoxins by ammoniation. Current status and regulation. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 71, 685. [28] Shahnaz, D. and Ghaffar, A. (1999) Use of ammonia gas in the control of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production in sunflower seeds. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 31, 231-235. [29] Hoogenboom, L.A., Tulliez, J., Gautier, J.P., Coker, R.D., Malcion, J.P., Nagler, M.J. and Polman, T.H. (2001) Absorption distribution and excretion of afl-derived ammoniation products in lactating cows. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 47-58. [30] Namazi, M., Allameh, A., Aminshahidi, M., Nohee, A. and Malekzadeh, F. (2002) Inhibitory effects of ammonia solution on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999. Acta Poloniae Toxicologia, 10, 65-72. [31] Hagler, W.M. Jr., Hutchins, J.E. and Hamilton, P.B. (1982) Destruction of aflatoxin in corn with sodium bisulfite. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 1287. [32] Doyle, M.P., Applebaum, R.S., Brackett, R.E. and Marth,. E.H. (1982) Physical, chemical and biological degradation of mycotoxins in foods and agricultural commodities. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 964-971. [33] Mercado, C.J., Real, M.P.N. and Del Rosario, R.R. (1991) Chemical detoxification of aflatoxin-containing copra. Journal of Food Science, 56, 733-735. [34] Sharma, A., Padwal-Desai, S.R. and Nadkarni, G.B. (1987) A new method for aflatoxin–free storage of agricultural commodities. Journal of Food Science, 52, 497-499. [35] Bullerman, L.B. (1974) Inhibition of aflatoxin production by cinnamon. Journal of Food Science, 39, 1163-1165. [36] Bilgrami, K.S., Sinha, K.K. and Singh, P. (1982) Prevention of aflatoxin production on some cereals and oil-seeds by O-vanillin. Current Science, 51, 138. [37] Basu, T.K. (1979) “Vitamin C”. Recent Advances and aspects in virus Dis., Cancer and Lipid metabolism. Hans Huber Publishers, Burn, 95-102. [38] Lupulescu, A.J. (1983) Reserpine and carcinogenesis inhibition of carcinoma formation in mice. National Cancer Institute, 71, 1071-1083. [39] Ranjan, K.S. and Sinha, A.K. (1988) Prevention of aflatoxin elaboration through anticarcinogenic compounds. Biological Bulletin of India, 10, 35-37. [40] Dollear, F.B., Mann, G.E., Codifer, L.P. Jr., Gardner, H.K., Koltun, S.P. and Vix, H.L. (1968) Elimination of aflatoxin from peanut meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 45, 862-865. [41] Maeba, H., Takamoto, Y., Kamimura, M. and Miura, T. (1988) Destruction and detoxification of aflatoxins with ozone. Journal of Food Science, 53, 667-668. [42] Davis, N.D., Diener, U.L. and Eldridge, D.W. (1966) Production of aflatoxin B1 and G1 by Aspergillus flavus in a semisynthetic medium. Applied Microbiology, 14, 378-380. [43] Gangadevi, V. and Muthumary, J. (2009) Taxol production by Pestalotiopsis terminaliae and endophytic fungus of Terminalia arjuna (arjun tree). Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 52, 9-15. [44] Kathiravan, G. and Muthumary, J. (2009) Extraction of taxol, an anticancer drug from coelomycetous fungi Pestalotiopsis versicolor and Phyllosticta murrayicola. Mycologia Balcanica, 6, 55-60. [45] Narasimhan, B. and Muthumary, J.P. (2005) Mycobiota of sunflower seeds and samples collected from vegetable oil refinery located in Tamilnadu, India. Mycological Progress, 4(3), 195-204. [46] Egner, P.A., Mu?oz, A. and Kensler, T.W. (2003) Chemoprevention with chlorophyllin in individuals exposed to dietary aflatoxin. Mutation Research, 523-524, 209216. [47] Rasooli, I. and Abyaneh, M.R. (2004) Inhibitory effects of Thyme oils on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Control, 15, 479-483. [48] Dhanraj, K.S., Misra, R.S., Sinha K.K. and Singh, P. (1973) Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 59, 123-126. [49] Majumdar, S.K. (1974) Final report (PL-480 project), In: Mysore, C.F.T.R.I., Eds. [50] Bilgrami, K.S., Misra, R.S., Sinha K.K. and Singh, P. (1980.) Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 59, 123-126. [51] Malini, R., Venkitasubramanian, T.A. and Mukerji, K.G. (1983) Mycotoxin in food and feed, Bhagalpur, 283-286.
[1] Strobel, G.A., Hess, M., Yang, X., Ford, E. and Sidhu, R.S. (1996) Taxol from fungal endophytes and the issue of biodiversity. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17, 417-423. [2] Bassappa, S.C. (1983) Mycotoxins in food and feeds. In: Bilgrami, K.S., Prasad, T. and Sinha, K.K., Eds, The Allied Press, Bhagalpur, 251-275. [3] Wogan, G.N. (1973) Aflatoxin carcinogenesis. In: Busch, J., Ed., Methods in Cancer Research, Academic Press, New York, 309-344. [4] Stoloff, L. (1976) Occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. In: Rodricks, J.V., Ed., Mycotoxins and Other Fungal Related Food Problems, Advances in Chemical Series 149, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 23-50. [5] Angsubhakorn, S. (1992) Mycotoxins and human health risks. In: Semple, R.L., Frio, A.S., Hicks, P.A. and Lozare, J.V., Eds., An Over View. Mycotoxin Prevention and Control in Food Grains, 8-24. [6] IARC (1986) Some halogenated hydrocarbons and pesticide exposures. In: Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [7] Park, D.L. and Stoloff, L. (1989) Aflatoxin control－how a regulatory agency managed risk from an unavoidable natural toxicant in food and feed. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 9, 109. [8] Park, D.L. (1993) Perspectives of mycotoxin decontamination procedures. Food Additives and Contaminants, 10, 49-60. [9] Luter, L., Wysolonzil, W. and Kashyap, S.C. (1982) Cancer Institute Food Science and Technology Journal, 15, 236. [10] Marth, E. and Hadpoyle, M.P. (1979) Food Technology 39, 81. [11] Misra, R.S., Sinha, K.K. and Singh, P. (1981) Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL-3240) on maize seeds in competitive environment. National Academy of Science Letters, 4, 123-124. [12] Horn, B. and Wicklow, D.T. (1983) Factors influencing the inhibition of aflatoxin production in corn by Aspergillus niger. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 29, 1087-1091. [13] Faraj, M.K., Smith, J.E. and Harran, G. (1993) Aflatoxin biodegradation: Effects of temperature and microbes. Mycological Research, 97, 1388-1392. [14] Vilar, M.S., Kuilman-Wahls, M.E.M. and Fink-Gremmels, J. (2003) Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 mutagenicity by cyclopiazonic acid in the presence of human liver preparations. Toxicology Letters, 143, 229-299. [15] Banu, N., Sridhar, S., Muthumary, J. and Rengasamy, R. (2008) Algae as biological detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 1(3), 1-5. [16] Bilgrami, K.S. and Singh, K.K. (1984) Mycotoxin contamination in food and its control. Indian Review of Life Science, 4, 19-36. [17] Heathcote, J.G. and J.R. Hibber. (1978) Aflatoxins: Chemical and biological aspects. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 112-130. [18] Samarajeewa, V., Sen, A.C., Cohen, M.D. and Wei, C.I. (1990) Detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds by physical and chemical methods. Journal of Food Protection, 53(6), 489-501. [19] Thiesen, J. (1977) Detoxification of aflatoxin in groundnuts meal. Animal Food Science and Technology, 2, 67. [20] Black, L.T., Spencer, G.F. and Brekke., O.L. (1978) Reactions of lipids in corn with ammonia. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 55, 526-529. [21] Conkerton, E.J., Chapital, D.C., Lee L.S. and Ory, R.L. (1980) Effect of ammoniation on the physicochemical properties of peanut and cottonseed meals. Journal of Food Science, 45, 564-569. [22] Piva, G.E., Santi, E., Pietri, A. and Fiorenti, L. (1981) Inactivation of aflatoxin B1 with chemical treatments. Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse, 58, 289-295. [23] Schroeder, T., Zwelfer, V., Sagelsdorff, P., Friederich, U., Luthy J. and Schlatter, C. (1985) Ammoniation of aflatoxin-containing corn: Distribution, in vivo covalent deoxyribonucleic acid binding and mutagenicity. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 33, 311-316. [24] Brekke, O.L., Peplinski, A.J., Norsinger, G.W., Conway, H.F., Springfellow, A.C., Mostgomerr, R.R., Siiman, R.W., Sohns, V.E. and Begley, E.B. (1979) Aflatoxin inactivation in corn by Ammonia gas: A field trial. Transactions of the Amercian Society of Agricultural Engineers, 22(2), 425-432. [25] Park, D.L., Lee, L.S., Price, R.L. and Pohland, A.E. (1988) Review of the decontamination of aflatoxins by ammoniation. Current status and regulation. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 71, 685. [26] Park, D.L. (1993) Perspectives of mycotoxin decontamination procedures. Food Additives and Contaminants, 10, 49-60. [27] Park, D.L., Lee, L.S., Price, R.L. and Pohland, A.E. (1988) Review of the decontamination of aflatoxins by ammoniation. Current status and regulation. Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 71, 685. [28] Shahnaz, D. and Ghaffar, A. (1999) Use of ammonia gas in the control of Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production in sunflower seeds. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 31, 231-235. [29] Hoogenboom, L.A., Tulliez, J., Gautier, J.P., Coker, R.D., Malcion, J.P., Nagler, M.J. and Polman, T.H. (2001) Absorption distribution and excretion of afl-derived ammoniation products in lactating cows. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 47-58. [30] Namazi, M., Allameh, A., Aminshahidi, M., Nohee, A. and Malekzadeh, F. (2002) Inhibitory effects of ammonia solution on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL-2999. Acta Poloniae Toxicologia, 10, 65-72. [31] Hagler, W.M. Jr., Hutchins, J.E. and Hamilton, P.B. (1982) Destruction of aflatoxin in corn with sodium bisulfite. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 1287. [32] Doyle, M.P., Applebaum, R.S., Brackett, R.E. and Marth,. E.H. (1982) Physical, chemical and biological degradation of mycotoxins in foods and agricultural commodities. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 964-971. [33] Mercado, C.J., Real, M.P.N. and Del Rosario, R.R. (1991) Chemical detoxification of aflatoxin-containing copra. Journal of Food Science, 56, 733-735. [34] Sharma, A., Padwal-Desai, S.R. and Nadkarni, G.B. (1987) A new method for aflatoxin–free storage of agricultural commodities. Journal of Food Science, 52, 497-499. [35] Bullerman, L.B. (1974) Inhibition of aflatoxin production by cinnamon. Journal of Food Science, 39, 1163-1165. [36] Bilgrami, K.S., Sinha, K.K. and Singh, P. (1982) Prevention of aflatoxin production on some cereals and oil-seeds by O-vanillin. Current Science, 51, 138. [37] Basu, T.K. (1979) “Vitamin C”. Recent Advances and aspects in virus Dis., Cancer and Lipid metabolism. Hans Huber Publishers, Burn, 95-102. [38] Lupulescu, A.J. (1983) Reserpine and carcinogenesis inhibition of carcinoma formation in mice. National Cancer Institute, 71, 1071-1083. [39] Ranjan, K.S. and Sinha, A.K. (1988) Prevention of aflatoxin elaboration through anticarcinogenic compounds. Biological Bulletin of India, 10, 35-37. [40] Dollear, F.B., Mann, G.E., Codifer, L.P. Jr., Gardner, H.K., Koltun, S.P. and Vix, H.L. (1968) Elimination of aflatoxin from peanut meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 45, 862-865. [41] Maeba, H., Takamoto, Y., Kamimura, M. and Miura, T. (1988) Destruction and detoxification of aflatoxins with ozone. Journal of Food Science, 53, 667-668. [42] Davis, N.D., Diener, U.L. and Eldridge, D.W. (1966) Production of aflatoxin B1 and G1 by Aspergillus flavus in a semisynthetic medium. Applied Microbiology, 14, 378-380. [43] Gangadevi, V. and Muthumary, J. (2009) Taxol production by Pestalotiopsis terminaliae and endophytic fungus of Terminalia arjuna (arjun tree). Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 52, 9-15. [44] Kathiravan, G. and Muthumary, J. (2009) Extraction of taxol, an anticancer drug from coelomycetous fungi Pestalotiopsis versicolor and Phyllosticta murrayicola. Mycologia Balcanica, 6, 55-60. [45] Narasimhan, B. and Muthumary, J.P. (2005) Mycobiota of sunflower seeds and samples collected from vegetable oil refinery located in Tamilnadu, India. Mycological Progress, 4(3), 195-204. [46] Egner, P.A., Mu?oz, A. and Kensler, T.W. (2003) Chemoprevention with chlorophyllin in individuals exposed to dietary aflatoxin. Mutation Research, 523-524, 209216. [47] Rasooli, I. and Abyaneh, M.R. (2004) Inhibitory effects of Thyme oils on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Control, 15, 479-483. [48] Dhanraj, K.S., Misra, R.S., Sinha K.K. and Singh, P. (1973) Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 59, 123-126. [49] Majumdar, S.K. (1974) Final report (PL-480 project), In: Mysore, C.F.T.R.I., Eds. [50] Bilgrami, K.S., Misra, R.S., Sinha K.K. and Singh, P. (1980.) Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 59, 123-126. [51] Malini, R., Venkitasubramanian, T.A. and Mukerji, K.G. (1983) Mycotoxin in food and feed, Bhagalpur, 283-286.