Optical Modeling and Analysis of Peripheral Optics of Contact Lenses
ABSTRACT
Background: Degraded peripheral vision has been hypothesized to be a stimulus for the development of foveal refractive error. Contact lenses have been widely used to correct central vision, but their impacts on peripheral vision are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to use optical model software to evaluate the peripheral optics of rigid gas permeable (RGP) and soft contact lenses (SCLs) in isolation. This will better assist us in understanding their peripheral optical performances on human eyes. Methods: An optical design software package (Zemax EE) was used to model peripheral optics of Menicon RGP lens and Acuvue 2 SCLs. Profiles of sphero-cylindrical power and major higher-order aberrations were computed in 10osteps out to 40o off-axis eccentricity for –3.0 D central focal power contact lens. The results of optical modeling were analyzed and compared with previously published experimental data. Results: –3.0 D RGP lenses and SCLs had –1.4 D and –2.0 D dioptric power at 40o eccentricity, respectively. The reduced dioptric power in the periphery of the analyzed contact lenses quantitatively matched with the reduced amount of hyperopic field curvature found from experimental data when these contact lenses fitted on human eyes. Cylindrical power increased to 0.3 D ~ 0.4 D at 40o eccentricity for both lens types. In addition, both contact lens types produced higher order aberrations, namely 1.2 μm coma and 0.15 μm spherical aberration at 40o eccentricity. Conclusions: Compared to SCLs, RGP lenses with equal focal power had less dioptric power in the periphery. Both RGP lenses and SCLs produced the same amount of major higher-order aberrations with increasing of the field angle. Some of these results can be used to predict and understand the peripheral optical performance of contact lenses on human eyes.
Background: Degraded peripheral vision has been hypothesized to be a stimulus for the development of foveal refractive error. Contact lenses have been widely used to correct central vision, but their impacts on peripheral vision are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to use optical model software to evaluate the peripheral optics of rigid gas permeable (RGP) and soft contact lenses (SCLs) in isolation. This will better assist us in understanding their peripheral optical performances on human eyes. Methods: An optical design software package (Zemax EE) was used to model peripheral optics of Menicon RGP lens and Acuvue 2 SCLs. Profiles of sphero-cylindrical power and major higher-order aberrations were computed in 10osteps out to 40o off-axis eccentricity for –3.0 D central focal power contact lens. The results of optical modeling were analyzed and compared with previously published experimental data. Results: –3.0 D RGP lenses and SCLs had –1.4 D and –2.0 D dioptric power at 40o eccentricity, respectively. The reduced dioptric power in the periphery of the analyzed contact lenses quantitatively matched with the reduced amount of hyperopic field curvature found from experimental data when these contact lenses fitted on human eyes. Cylindrical power increased to 0.3 D ~ 0.4 D at 40o eccentricity for both lens types. In addition, both contact lens types produced higher order aberrations, namely 1.2 μm coma and 0.15 μm spherical aberration at 40o eccentricity. Conclusions: Compared to SCLs, RGP lenses with equal focal power had less dioptric power in the periphery. Both RGP lenses and SCLs produced the same amount of major higher-order aberrations with increasing of the field angle. Some of these results can be used to predict and understand the peripheral optical performance of contact lenses on human eyes.
Cite this paper
J. Shen and F. Spors, "Optical Modeling and Analysis of Peripheral Optics of Contact Lenses," Open Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 2 No. 3, 2012, pp. 54-59. doi: 10.4236/ojoph.2012.23012.
J. Shen and F. Spors, "Optical Modeling and Analysis of Peripheral Optics of Contact Lenses," Open Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 2 No. 3, 2012, pp. 54-59. doi: 10.4236/ojoph.2012.23012.
References
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Zadnik, “Validation of Aberrometry-Based Relative Peripheral Refraction Measurements,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2008, pp. 83-90. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00535.x [16] R. Calver, H. Radhakrishnan, E. Osuobeni and D. O’Leary, “Peripheral Refraction for Distance and Near Vision in Emmetropes and Myopes,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2007, pp. 584-593. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00518.x [17] W. N. Charman, J. Mountford, D. A. Atchison, E. L. Markwell, “Pe-ripheral Refraction in Orthokeratology Patients,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 83, No. 9, 2006, pp. 641-648. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000232840.66716.af [18] C. Fedtke, K. Ehrmann and B. A. Holden, “A Review of Peripheral Refraction Techniques,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 86, No. 5, 2009, pp. 429-446. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819fa727 [19] A. Mathur and D. A. Atchison, “Effect of Orthokeratology on Peripheral Aberrations of the Eye,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 86, No. 5, 2009, pp. E476-E484. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819fa5aa [20] X. Wei and L. Thibos, “Design and Validation of a Scanning Shack Hartmann Aberrometer for Measurements of the Eye over a Wide Field of View,” Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1134-1143. [21] J. Tabernero and F. Schaeffel, “Fast Scanning Photoretino- scope for Measuring Peripheral Refraction as a Function of Accommodation,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, Vol. 26, No. 10, 2009, pp. 2206-2210. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.26.002206 [22] D. A. Atchison, “Aberrations Associated with Rigid Contact Lenses,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, Vol. 12, No. 10, 1995, pp. 2267-2273. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.12.002267 [23] D. A. Atchison, “Optical Models for Human Myopic Eyes,” Vision Research, Vol. 46, No. 14, 2006, pp. 2236- 2250. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.01.004 [24] R. C. Bakaraju, K. Ehrmann, D. Falk, A. Ho and E. Papas, “Physical Human Model Eye and Methods of Its Use to Analyse Optical Performance of Soft Contact Lenses,” Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 16, 201, pp. 16868-16882. [25] J. Shen and L. N. Thibos, “Peripheral Aberrations and Image Quality for Contact Lens Correction,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 88, No. 10, 2011, pp. 1196-1205
[1] J. Hoogerheide, F. Rempt and W. P. Hoogenboom, “Acquired Myopia in Young Pilots,” International Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 163, No. 4, 1971, pp. 209-215. [2] D. O. Mutti, R. I. Sholtz, N. E. Friedman and K. Zadnik, “Peripheral Refraction and Ocular Shape in Children,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2000, pp. 1022-1030. [3] G. F. Schmid, “Retinal Steepness vs. Myopic Shift in Children,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 12, No. 23, 2004, p. 81. [4] C. F. Wildsoet, “Active Emmetropization—Evidence for Its Existence and Ramifications for Clinical Practice,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1997, pp. 279-290. [5] M. Bartmann and F. Schaeffel, “A Simple Mechanism for Emmetropization without Cues from Accommodation or Colour,” Vision Research, Vol. 34, No. 7, 1994, pp. 873- 876. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90037-X [6] S. Diether and F. Schaeffel, “Local Changes in Eye Growth Induced by Imposed Local Refractive Error Despite Active Accommodation,” Vision Research, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1997, pp. 659-668. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00224-6 [7] W. Hodos and W. J. Kuenzel, “Retinal-Image Degradation Produces Ocular Enlargement in Chicks,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 25, No. 6, 1984, pp. 652-659. [8] J. J. W. Wallman, “Homeostasis of Eye Growth and the Question of Myopia,” Neuron, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2004, pp. 447-468. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.008 [9] J. Shen, C. A. Clark, P. S. Soni and L. N. Thibos, “Peripheral Refraction With and Without Contact Lens Correction,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 1, No. 87, 2010, pp. 642-655. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181ea16ea [10] L. D. J. Percy, K. Ehrmann, J. Kwan, C. Fedtke, D. Falk, P. Sankaridurg, et al., “The Effect of Contact Lens Power Profile on Peripheral Refraction,” AAO Meeting, San Fransisco, 17-20 November 2010. [11] J. Shen and L. N. Thibos, “Peripheral Aberrations and Image Quality for Contact Lens Correction,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 88, No. 10, 2011, pp. 1196-1205. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182279fd5 [12] D. A. Atchison, N. Pritchard and K. L. Schmid, “Peripheral Refraction along the Horizontal and Vertical Visual Fields in Myopia,” Vision Research, Vol. 46, No. 8-9, 2006, pp. 1450-1458. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.023 [13] D. A. Atchison and D. H. Scott, “Monochromatic Aberrations of Human Eyes in the Horizontal Visual Field,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 19, No. 11, 2002, pp. 2180-2184. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.19.002180 [14] D. A. Atchison, D. H. Scott and W. N. Charman, “Hartmann-Shack Technique and Refraction across the Horizontal Visual Field,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 20, No. 6, 2003, pp. 965-973. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.20.000965 [15] D. A. Berntsen, D. O. Mutti and K. Zadnik, “Validation of Aberrometry-Based Relative Peripheral Refraction Measurements,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2008, pp. 83-90. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00535.x [16] R. Calver, H. Radhakrishnan, E. Osuobeni and D. O’Leary, “Peripheral Refraction for Distance and Near Vision in Emmetropes and Myopes,” Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2007, pp. 584-593. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00518.x [17] W. N. Charman, J. Mountford, D. A. Atchison, E. L. Markwell, “Pe-ripheral Refraction in Orthokeratology Patients,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 83, No. 9, 2006, pp. 641-648. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000232840.66716.af [18] C. Fedtke, K. Ehrmann and B. A. Holden, “A Review of Peripheral Refraction Techniques,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 86, No. 5, 2009, pp. 429-446. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819fa727 [19] A. Mathur and D. A. Atchison, “Effect of Orthokeratology on Peripheral Aberrations of the Eye,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 86, No. 5, 2009, pp. E476-E484. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31819fa5aa [20] X. Wei and L. Thibos, “Design and Validation of a Scanning Shack Hartmann Aberrometer for Measurements of the Eye over a Wide Field of View,” Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1134-1143. [21] J. Tabernero and F. Schaeffel, “Fast Scanning Photoretino- scope for Measuring Peripheral Refraction as a Function of Accommodation,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, Vol. 26, No. 10, 2009, pp. 2206-2210. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.26.002206 [22] D. A. Atchison, “Aberrations Associated with Rigid Contact Lenses,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, Vol. 12, No. 10, 1995, pp. 2267-2273. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.12.002267 [23] D. A. Atchison, “Optical Models for Human Myopic Eyes,” Vision Research, Vol. 46, No. 14, 2006, pp. 2236- 2250. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.01.004 [24] R. C. Bakaraju, K. Ehrmann, D. Falk, A. Ho and E. Papas, “Physical Human Model Eye and Methods of Its Use to Analyse Optical Performance of Soft Contact Lenses,” Optics Express, Vol. 18, No. 16, 201, pp. 16868-16882. [25] J. Shen and L. N. Thibos, “Peripheral Aberrations and Image Quality for Contact Lens Correction,” Optometry & Vision Science, Vol. 88, No. 10, 2011, pp. 1196-1205