Shintaido in the elderly: The new way for physical and psychological health
Author(s)
Mattia Roppolo,
Anna Mulasso,
Daniele Magistro,
Antonella Roggero,
Patrizio Andreoli,
Monica Emma Liubicich*
Affiliation(s)
Motor Science Research Center, S.U.I.S.M., University of Torino, Torino, Italy. Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
Motor Science Research Center, S.U.I.S.M., University of Torino, Torino, Italy. Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
ABSTRACT
The research aims to investigate the effects of a Shintaido practice in terms of physical and psychological functioning in a group of elderly. Forty seniors, of both gender, with a mean age of (69 ± 6) years, self-sufficient and without highly invalidating diseases participated in the study. The experimental group (EG) attended the Shintaido physical training of 20 weeks (1 hour per session, twice a week), while the control group (CG) maintained his usual routine. The exercise protocol included specific activities of joint mobility, balance and breathing. At the begin and at the end of intervention were administered to both groups the following validated instruments: 1) One-leg Stance test for the measure of monopodalic static balance; 2) 6-Minutes Walking test for the endurance assessment; 3) Self-Efficacy Perception in Physical Activity (APEF) questionnaire for the self- efficacy evaluation. Data were treated with the not-parametric test for paired and unpaired samples, the Spearman correlation and the linear regression. The results show that: 1) the EG improves the endurance in walking and the monopodalic balance as well as his self-efficacy after the Shintaido program; 2) there are strong associations among Shintaido physical activity and physical/psychological variables; 3) there is a mediating effect of walking endurance between the participation to Shintaido training and the self-efficacy. The results suggest that a well structured Shintaido training can help to maintain a good level of physical and psychological functioning in old people.
The research aims to investigate the effects of a Shintaido practice in terms of physical and psychological functioning in a group of elderly. Forty seniors, of both gender, with a mean age of (69 ± 6) years, self-sufficient and without highly invalidating diseases participated in the study. The experimental group (EG) attended the Shintaido physical training of 20 weeks (1 hour per session, twice a week), while the control group (CG) maintained his usual routine. The exercise protocol included specific activities of joint mobility, balance and breathing. At the begin and at the end of intervention were administered to both groups the following validated instruments: 1) One-leg Stance test for the measure of monopodalic static balance; 2) 6-Minutes Walking test for the endurance assessment; 3) Self-Efficacy Perception in Physical Activity (APEF) questionnaire for the self- efficacy evaluation. Data were treated with the not-parametric test for paired and unpaired samples, the Spearman correlation and the linear regression. The results show that: 1) the EG improves the endurance in walking and the monopodalic balance as well as his self-efficacy after the Shintaido program; 2) there are strong associations among Shintaido physical activity and physical/psychological variables; 3) there is a mediating effect of walking endurance between the participation to Shintaido training and the self-efficacy. The results suggest that a well structured Shintaido training can help to maintain a good level of physical and psychological functioning in old people.
Cite this paper
Roppolo, M. , Mulasso, A. , Magistro, D. , Roggero, A. , Andreoli, P. and Liubicich, M. (2012) Shintaido in the elderly: The new way for physical and psychological health. Advances in Aging Research, 1, 22-30. doi: 10.4236/aar.2012.12003.
Roppolo, M. , Mulasso, A. , Magistro, D. , Roggero, A. , Andreoli, P. and Liubicich, M. (2012) Shintaido in the elderly: The new way for physical and psychological health. Advances in Aging Research, 1, 22-30. doi: 10.4236/aar.2012.12003.
References
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[6] McAuley, E., Marquez, D.X., Jerome, G.J., Blissmer, B. and Katula, J. (2002) Physical activity and physique anxiety in older adults: Fitness, and efficacy influences. Aging Ment Health, 6, 222-230. doi:10.1080/13607860220142459 [7] Day, L., Fildes, B., Gordon, I., Fitzharris, M., Flamer, H. and Lord, S. (2002) Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. British Medical Journal, 325, 128. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7356.128 [8] Rose, D.J., Jones, J.C. and Lucchese, N. (2002) Pro- moting functional independence in older adults at risk for falls. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 10, 1-9. [9] Li, F., Harmer, P., Fisher, K.J., McAuley, E., Chaumenton, N., Eckstrom, E., et al. (2005) Tai chi and fall reductions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Oxford University Press, Cary. [10] Frye, B., Scheinthal, S., Kemarskaya, T. and Pruchno, R. 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Journal of Cardiopul- monary Rehabilitation, 23, 90-96. doi:10.1097/00008483-200303000-00004 [15] Wayne, P.M., Kiel, D.P., Krebs, D.E., Davis, R.B., Savetsky-German, J., Connelly, M., et al. (2007) The effects of tai chi on bone mineral density in postmeno- pausal women: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88, 673-680. [16] Verhagen, A.P., Immink, M., Van der Meulen, A. and Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M. (2004) The efficacy of tai chi chuan in older adults: A systematic review. Family Prac- tice, 21, 107-113. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh122 [17] Gatts, S.K. and Woollacott, M.H. (2006) Neural me- chanisms underlying balance improvement with short term tai chi training. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 7-19. [18] Maciaszek, J., Osinski, W., Szeklicki, R. and Stem- plewski, R. (2007) Effect of tai chi on body balance: Randomized controlled trial in men with osteopenia or osteoporosis. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 35, 1-9. [19] Voukelatos, A., Cumming, R.G., Lord, S.R. and Rissel, C. (2007) A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: The central sydney tai chi trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 1185- 1191. [20] Yang, Y., Verkuilen, J.V., Rosengren, K.S., Grubisich, S.A., Reed, M.R. and Hsiao-Wecksler, E.T. (2007) Effect of combined taiji and qigong training on balance mechanisms: A randomized controlled trial of older adults. Medical Science Monitor, 13, 339-348. [21] Li, F., Duncan, T.E., Duncan, S.C., McAuley, E., Chaumeton, N.R. and Harmer, P. (2001) Enhancing the psychological well-being of elderly individuals through tai chi exercise: A latent growth curve analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8, 53-83. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0801_4 [22] Li, F., Harmer, P., Chaumeton, N.R., Duncan, T.E. and Duncan, S.C. (2002) Tai chi as a means to enhance self- esteem: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21, 70-89. doi:10.1177/073346480202100105 [23] Li, F., McAuley, E., Harmer, P., Duncan, T.E. and Chaumenton, N. (2001) Tai chi enhances self efficacy and exercise behavior in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9, 161-171. [24] Li, F., Harmer, P., McAuley, E., Fisher, K.J., Duncan, T.E. and Duncan, S.C. (2001) Tai chi, self-efficacy, and physical function in the elderly. Prevention Science 2, 229-239. doi:10.1023/A:1013614200329 [25] Hokari, S. (1981) Origins: A history of shintaido. Shin- taido Publications, Novato. [26] Quettier, P. (2000) Communication de messages com- plexes par des séquences gestuelles: Les kata dans les arts martiaux japonais (école shinta?do). ANRT. [27] Ciairano, S., Liubicich, M.E. and Rabaglietti, E. (2010) The effects of a physical activity programme on the psychological wellbeing of older people in a residential care facility: An experimental study. Ageing & Society, 30, 609-626. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09990614 [28] Liubicich, M.E., Magistro, D., Candela, F., Rabaglietti, E. and Ciairano, S. (2012) Physical activity and mobility function in elderly people living in residential care faci- lities. “Act on aging”: A pilot study. Advances in Physical Education, 2, 54-60. doi:10.4236/psych.2012.35054 [29] AIP (1997) Codice etico della ricerca psicologica. http://www.mopi.it/docs/cd/aipcode.pdf [30] US-NIH (1998) Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. [31] Bohannon, R.W. (1994) One-legged balance test times. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 78, 801-802. [32] Frandin, K., Rydwik, E., Bergland, A., Waaler Loland, N. and Forsen, L. (2005) Eunaapa, European network for action on ageing and physical activity. 1-40. [33] Rolland, Y., Pillard, F., Klapouszczak, A., Reynish, E., Thomas, D., Andrieu, S., et al. (2007) Exercise program for nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease: A 1-year randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the Am- erican Geriatrics Society, 55, 158-165. [34] Drusini, A.G., Eleazer, G.P., Caiazzo, M., Veronese, E., Carrara, N., Ranzato, C., et al. (2002) One-leg standing balance and functional status in an elderly community- dwelling population in northeast Italy. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 14, 42-46. [35] Vellas, B.J., Rubenstein, L.Z., Ousset, P.J., Faisant, C., Kostek, V., Nourhashemi, F., et al. (1997) One-leg standing balance and functional status in a population of 512 community-living elderly persons. Aging, 9, 95-98. [36] Butland, R.J., Pang, J., Gross, E.R., Woodcock, A.A. and Geddes, D.M. (1982) Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. British Medical Journal, 284, 1607-1608. doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6329.1607 [37] Chetta, A., Zanini, A., Pisi, G., Aiello, M., Tzani, P., Neri, M., et al. (2006) Reference values for the 6-min walk test in healthy subjects 20-50 years old. Respiratory Medicine, 100, 1573-1578. [38] Enright, P.L. (2003) The six-minute walk test. Respira- tory Care, 48, 783-785. [39] Solway, S., Brooks, D., Lacasse, Y. and Thomas, S. (2001) A qualitative systematic overview of the measurement properties of functional walk tests used in the cardio- respiratory domain. Chest, 119, 256-270. doi:10.1378/chest.119.1.256 [40] Caprara, G. (2001) La valutazione dell’autoefficacia. Costrutti e strumenti, Centro Studi Erickson. [41] Vogel, T., Lepretre, P.M., Brechat, P.H., Lonsdorfer, E., Benetos, A., Kaltenbach, G., et al. (2011) Effects of a short-term personalized intermittent work exercise pro- gram (iwep) on maximal cardio-respiratory function and endurance parameters among healthy young and older seniors. Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, 15, 905- 911. doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0087-4 [42] Howe, T.E., Rochester, L., Neil, F., Skelton, D.A. and Ballinger, C. (2011) Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD004963. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004963.pub3 [43] McAuley, E., Katula, J., Mihalko, S.L., Blissmer, B., Duncan, T.E., Pena, M., et al. (1999) Mode of physical activity and self-efficacy in older adults: A latent growth curve analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psy- chological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, 283-292. doi:10.1093/geronb/54B.5.P283 [44] Caminiti, G., Volterrani, M., Marazzi, G., Cerrito, A., Massaro, R., Arisi, A., et al. (2011) Tai chi enhances the effects of endurance training in the rehabilitation of elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2011, 761958. [45] Wu, G. (2002) Evaluation of the effectiveness of tai chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population-a review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 746-754. [46] Heidrich, S.M. (1993) The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being in elderly women: A developmental perspective. Research in Nursing & Health, 16, 123-130. doi:10.1002/nur.4770160207 [47] Ruuskanen, J.M. and Ruoppila, I. (1995) Physical activity and psychological well-being among people aged 65 to 84 years. Age Ageing, 24, 292-296. doi:10.1093/ageing/24.4.292 [48] Cho, J., Martin, P., Margrett, J., Macdonald, M. and Poon, L.W. (2011) The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being among oldest-old adults. Jour- nal of Aging Research, 2011, 605041.
[1] Sundquist, K., Qvist, J., Sundquist, J. and Johansson, S.E. (2004) Frequent and occasional physical activity in the elderly: A 12-year follow-up study of mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 22-27. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.011 [2] Baker, M.K., Atlantis, E. and Fiatarone Singh, M.A. (2007) Multi-modal exercise programs for older adults. Age Ageing, 36, 375-381. [3] Netz, Y., Wu, M.J., Becker, B.J. and Tenenbaum, G. (2005) Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: A meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychol Aging, 20, 272-284. [4] Patel, K.V., Coppin, A.K., Manini, T.M., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Ferrucci, L., et al. (2006) Midlife physical activity and mobility in older age: The inchianti study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31, 217-224. [5] Saxena, S., Van Ommeren, M., Tang, K. and Armstrong, T. (2005) Mental health benefits of physical activity. Journal of Mental Health, 14, 445-451. [6] McAuley, E., Marquez, D.X., Jerome, G.J., Blissmer, B. and Katula, J. (2002) Physical activity and physique anxiety in older adults: Fitness, and efficacy influences. Aging Ment Health, 6, 222-230. doi:10.1080/13607860220142459 [7] Day, L., Fildes, B., Gordon, I., Fitzharris, M., Flamer, H. and Lord, S. (2002) Randomised factorial trial of falls prevention among older people living in their own homes. British Medical Journal, 325, 128. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7356.128 [8] Rose, D.J., Jones, J.C. and Lucchese, N. (2002) Pro- moting functional independence in older adults at risk for falls. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 10, 1-9. [9] Li, F., Harmer, P., Fisher, K.J., McAuley, E., Chaumenton, N., Eckstrom, E., et al. (2005) Tai chi and fall reductions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Oxford University Press, Cary. [10] Frye, B., Scheinthal, S., Kemarskaya, T. and Pruchno, R. (2007) Tai chi and low impact exercise: Effects on the physical functioning and psychological well-being of older people. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 26, 433- 453. doi:10.1177/0733464807306915 [11] Zhang, J.G., Ishikawa-Takata, K., Yamazaki, H., Morita, T. and Ohta, T. (2006) The effects of tai chi chuan on physiological function and fear of falling in the less robust elderly: An intervention study for preventing falls. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 42, 107-116. [12] Lee, M.S., Pittler, M.H., Taylor-Piliae, R.E. and Ernst, E. (2007) Tai chi for cardiovascular disease and its risk factors: A systematic review. Journal of Hypertension, 25, 1974-1975. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32828cc8cd [13] Lee, M.S., Pittler, M.H. and Ernst, E. (2007) Tai chi for rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review. Rheumatology, 46, 1648-1651. [14] Taylor-Piliae, R.E. (2003) Tai chi as an adjunct to cardiac rehabilitation exercise training. Journal of Cardiopul- monary Rehabilitation, 23, 90-96. doi:10.1097/00008483-200303000-00004 [15] Wayne, P.M., Kiel, D.P., Krebs, D.E., Davis, R.B., Savetsky-German, J., Connelly, M., et al. (2007) The effects of tai chi on bone mineral density in postmeno- pausal women: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88, 673-680. [16] Verhagen, A.P., Immink, M., Van der Meulen, A. and Bierma-Zeinstra, S.M. (2004) The efficacy of tai chi chuan in older adults: A systematic review. Family Prac- tice, 21, 107-113. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh122 [17] Gatts, S.K. and Woollacott, M.H. (2006) Neural me- chanisms underlying balance improvement with short term tai chi training. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 7-19. [18] Maciaszek, J., Osinski, W., Szeklicki, R. and Stem- plewski, R. (2007) Effect of tai chi on body balance: Randomized controlled trial in men with osteopenia or osteoporosis. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 35, 1-9. [19] Voukelatos, A., Cumming, R.G., Lord, S.R. and Rissel, C. (2007) A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: The central sydney tai chi trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 55, 1185- 1191. [20] Yang, Y., Verkuilen, J.V., Rosengren, K.S., Grubisich, S.A., Reed, M.R. and Hsiao-Wecksler, E.T. (2007) Effect of combined taiji and qigong training on balance mechanisms: A randomized controlled trial of older adults. Medical Science Monitor, 13, 339-348. [21] Li, F., Duncan, T.E., Duncan, S.C., McAuley, E., Chaumeton, N.R. and Harmer, P. (2001) Enhancing the psychological well-being of elderly individuals through tai chi exercise: A latent growth curve analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8, 53-83. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0801_4 [22] Li, F., Harmer, P., Chaumeton, N.R., Duncan, T.E. and Duncan, S.C. (2002) Tai chi as a means to enhance self- esteem: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 21, 70-89. doi:10.1177/073346480202100105 [23] Li, F., McAuley, E., Harmer, P., Duncan, T.E. and Chaumenton, N. (2001) Tai chi enhances self efficacy and exercise behavior in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 9, 161-171. [24] Li, F., Harmer, P., McAuley, E., Fisher, K.J., Duncan, T.E. and Duncan, S.C. (2001) Tai chi, self-efficacy, and physical function in the elderly. Prevention Science 2, 229-239. doi:10.1023/A:1013614200329 [25] Hokari, S. (1981) Origins: A history of shintaido. Shin- taido Publications, Novato. [26] Quettier, P. (2000) Communication de messages com- plexes par des séquences gestuelles: Les kata dans les arts martiaux japonais (école shinta?do). ANRT. [27] Ciairano, S., Liubicich, M.E. and Rabaglietti, E. (2010) The effects of a physical activity programme on the psychological wellbeing of older people in a residential care facility: An experimental study. Ageing & Society, 30, 609-626. doi:10.1017/S0144686X09990614 [28] Liubicich, M.E., Magistro, D., Candela, F., Rabaglietti, E. and Ciairano, S. (2012) Physical activity and mobility function in elderly people living in residential care faci- lities. “Act on aging”: A pilot study. Advances in Physical Education, 2, 54-60. doi:10.4236/psych.2012.35054 [29] AIP (1997) Codice etico della ricerca psicologica. http://www.mopi.it/docs/cd/aipcode.pdf [30] US-NIH (1998) Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. [31] Bohannon, R.W. (1994) One-legged balance test times. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 78, 801-802. [32] Frandin, K., Rydwik, E., Bergland, A., Waaler Loland, N. and Forsen, L. (2005) Eunaapa, European network for action on ageing and physical activity. 1-40. [33] Rolland, Y., Pillard, F., Klapouszczak, A., Reynish, E., Thomas, D., Andrieu, S., et al. (2007) Exercise program for nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease: A 1-year randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the Am- erican Geriatrics Society, 55, 158-165. [34] Drusini, A.G., Eleazer, G.P., Caiazzo, M., Veronese, E., Carrara, N., Ranzato, C., et al. (2002) One-leg standing balance and functional status in an elderly community- dwelling population in northeast Italy. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 14, 42-46. [35] Vellas, B.J., Rubenstein, L.Z., Ousset, P.J., Faisant, C., Kostek, V., Nourhashemi, F., et al. (1997) One-leg standing balance and functional status in a population of 512 community-living elderly persons. Aging, 9, 95-98. [36] Butland, R.J., Pang, J., Gross, E.R., Woodcock, A.A. and Geddes, D.M. (1982) Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. British Medical Journal, 284, 1607-1608. doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6329.1607 [37] Chetta, A., Zanini, A., Pisi, G., Aiello, M., Tzani, P., Neri, M., et al. (2006) Reference values for the 6-min walk test in healthy subjects 20-50 years old. Respiratory Medicine, 100, 1573-1578. [38] Enright, P.L. (2003) The six-minute walk test. Respira- tory Care, 48, 783-785. [39] Solway, S., Brooks, D., Lacasse, Y. and Thomas, S. (2001) A qualitative systematic overview of the measurement properties of functional walk tests used in the cardio- respiratory domain. Chest, 119, 256-270. doi:10.1378/chest.119.1.256 [40] Caprara, G. (2001) La valutazione dell’autoefficacia. Costrutti e strumenti, Centro Studi Erickson. [41] Vogel, T., Lepretre, P.M., Brechat, P.H., Lonsdorfer, E., Benetos, A., Kaltenbach, G., et al. (2011) Effects of a short-term personalized intermittent work exercise pro- gram (iwep) on maximal cardio-respiratory function and endurance parameters among healthy young and older seniors. Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, 15, 905- 911. doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0087-4 [42] Howe, T.E., Rochester, L., Neil, F., Skelton, D.A. and Ballinger, C. (2011) Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD004963. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004963.pub3 [43] McAuley, E., Katula, J., Mihalko, S.L., Blissmer, B., Duncan, T.E., Pena, M., et al. (1999) Mode of physical activity and self-efficacy in older adults: A latent growth curve analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psy- chological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, 283-292. doi:10.1093/geronb/54B.5.P283 [44] Caminiti, G., Volterrani, M., Marazzi, G., Cerrito, A., Massaro, R., Arisi, A., et al. (2011) Tai chi enhances the effects of endurance training in the rehabilitation of elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2011, 761958. [45] Wu, G. (2002) Evaluation of the effectiveness of tai chi for improving balance and preventing falls in the older population-a review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 746-754. [46] Heidrich, S.M. (1993) The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being in elderly women: A developmental perspective. Research in Nursing & Health, 16, 123-130. doi:10.1002/nur.4770160207 [47] Ruuskanen, J.M. and Ruoppila, I. (1995) Physical activity and psychological well-being among people aged 65 to 84 years. Age Ageing, 24, 292-296. doi:10.1093/ageing/24.4.292 [48] Cho, J., Martin, P., Margrett, J., Macdonald, M. and Poon, L.W. (2011) The relationship between physical health and psychological well-being among oldest-old adults. Jour- nal of Aging Research, 2011, 605041.