Development and characterization of α-tricalcium phosphate/monocalcium aluminate composite bone cement
Affiliation(s)
General Chemistry Department, Chemistry Faculty, Havana University, Cuba. Ceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Engineering School, Materials Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
General Chemistry Department, Chemistry Faculty, Havana University, Cuba. Ceramic Department, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. Engineering School, Materials Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
ABSTRACT
Calcium phosphate cements have received much attention in recent decades owing to their biocompatibility, in situ handling, and shaping abilities. However, their low initial mechanical strength is still a major limitation. On the other hand, calcium aluminate cements (CACs) set fast and have a high initial strength and good corrosion resistance in contact with body fluids, making them excellent dental restorative materials. Therefore, the chemical, mechanical and biological properties of new-TCP/CA cement after aging in simulated body fluid (SBF) were investigated. The results indicated that the composites have setting times not appropriated for immediate applications and have degradation rates higher than those of the traditional CPCs. Moreover, the compressive strength of composite was lower than 5MPa and did not increase with SBF immersion. However, the α-TCP/CA composites showed a higher bioactivity at early stages and were not only more biocompatible but also more noncytotoxic.
Calcium phosphate cements have received much attention in recent decades owing to their biocompatibility, in situ handling, and shaping abilities. However, their low initial mechanical strength is still a major limitation. On the other hand, calcium aluminate cements (CACs) set fast and have a high initial strength and good corrosion resistance in contact with body fluids, making them excellent dental restorative materials. Therefore, the chemical, mechanical and biological properties of new-TCP/CA cement after aging in simulated body fluid (SBF) were investigated. The results indicated that the composites have setting times not appropriated for immediate applications and have degradation rates higher than those of the traditional CPCs. Moreover, the compressive strength of composite was lower than 5MPa and did not increase with SBF immersion. However, the α-TCP/CA composites showed a higher bioactivity at early stages and were not only more biocompatible but also more noncytotoxic.
Cite this paper
Morejón-Alonso, L. , Carrodeguas, R. and Santos, L. (2012) Development and characterization of α-tricalcium phosphate/monocalcium aluminate composite bone cement. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 5, 448-456. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2012.58057.
Morejón-Alonso, L. , Carrodeguas, R. and Santos, L. (2012) Development and characterization of α-tricalcium phosphate/monocalcium aluminate composite bone cement. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 5, 448-456. doi: 10.4236/jbise.2012.58057.
References
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Materials Science and Engineering, C22, 53–60, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4931(01)00389-7 [25] Gülgun, M., Popoola, O. and Kriven, W. (1994) Chemical synthesis and characterization of calcium aluminate powders. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 77(2), 831-39. [26] Rivas, J.M., De Aza, A.H. and Pena, P. (2005) Synthesis of CaAl2O4 from powders: Particle size effect. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 25, 3269–3279, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.06.021. [27] Ginebra, M.P. et al. (1997) Setting reaction and hardening of an apatitic calcium phosphate cement. Journal of Dental Research, 76(4), 905-912, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760041201. [28] Garcia, J.R., de Oliveira, I.R. and Pandolfelli, V.C. (2007) Processo de hidratacao e os mecanismos de atuacao dos aditivos aceleradores e retardadores de pega do cimento de aluminato de cálcio. Ceramica, 53, 42-56. [29] Greenspan, D.C. (1999) Bioactive ceramic implant materials. Current Opinion in Solid State & Material Science, 4, 389–393, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(99)00021-2. [30] Kim, H.M. (2003) Ceramic bioactivity and related biomimetic strategy, Current Opinion in Solid State & Material Science, 7, 289–299, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.09.014. [31] Oh, S.H., Finones, R., Jin, S., Choi, S.Y. and Kim, K.N. (2004) Influence of tricalcium aluminate phase on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium aluminate bone cement. Journal of Materials Research, 19(4), 1062-1067, http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2004.0139. [32] Oh, S., Choi, S.Y., Lee, Y., Kim, K., Choi, S.H. (2003) Effects of lithium fluoride and maleic acid on the bioactivity of calcium aluminate cement: Formation of hydroxyapatite in simulated body fluid. Journal of Biomedical Material Research, 67(A), 104-111. [33] Oliveira, I.R., Pandolfelli, V.C. and Jacobovitz, M. (2010) Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of a novel calcium aluminate endodontic cement. International En-dodontic Journal, 43(12), 1-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01770.x. [34] Fukase, Y., Eanes, E.D., Takagi, S. and Chow, L.C. (1990) Setting reactions and compressive strengths of calcium phosphate cements. Journal of Dental Research, 69(12), 1852-1856, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690121201. [35] Lea, F.M. (1970) The chemistry of cement and concrete, Edward Arnold Ltd, London. [36] Santos, L.A., García, R., Rogero, S.O., Higa, O.Z., Boschi, A.O. and de Arruda, A.C.F. (2002) α-Tricalcium phosphate cement: in vitro cytotoxicity. Biomaterials 23, 2035-2042,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00333-7. [37] Ishikawa, K., Takagi, S., Chow, L.C., Ishikawa, Y., Eanes, E.D. and Asaoka, K. (1994) Behavior of a calcium phosphate cement in simulated blood plasma in vitro. Dental Materials, 10(1), 26-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(94)90018-3. [38] Guo, H., Wei, J. and Liu, C.S. (2006) Development of a degradable cement of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate composite for bone reconstruction. Biomedical Materials, 1, 193–197, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/1/4/003. [39] Banasik, A., and Lankoff, A. (2001) The effect of aluminium on the stability of intracellular membranes. Cellular Biology Molecular Letter, 6(2A), 384. [40] Julien, M. et al. (2007) Physico-chemical-mechanical and in vitro biological properties of calcium phosphate cements with doped amorphous calcium phosphates. Biomaterials, 28, 956-965, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.018
[1] Brown, W.E. and Chow, L.C. (1986) A new calcium phosphate water-setting cement, In: Brown, W.E. Ed., Cements Research Progress, Westerville, 352-379. [2] LeGeros, R.Z., Chohayeb, A. and Shulman, A. (1982) Apatitic calcium phosphates: possible dental restorative materials. Journal of Dental Research, 61, 343. [3] Monma, H. (1976) The hydration of alpha-tricalcium phosphate, Yogo-kyokaishi, 84, 209-213, http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj1950.84.968_209. [4] Ginebra, M.P., Boltong, Fernández, M.G.E., Planell, J.A., and Driessens, F.C.M. (1995) Effect of various additives and temperature on some properties of an apatitic calcium phosphate cement. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 6, 612-616, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134332. [5] Santos, L.A., de Oliveira, L., Cristina da Silva, E., Garcia, R., Ortega, A. and Arruda, A (2000). Fiber reinforced calcium phosphate. Artificial Organs, 24(3), 212-216, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1594.2000.06541.x. [6] Yamamoto, H., Niwa, S., Hori, M., Hattori, T., Sawai, K., Aoki, S., Hirano, M. And Takeuchi, H. (1998) Mechanical strength of calcium phosphate cement in vivo and in vitro. Biomaterials, 19, 1587-1591, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00121-X. [7] Dorozhkin, S. (2009) Calcium orthophosphate cements and concretes. Materials, 2, 221-291, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma2010221. [8] Ishikawa, K. and Asaoka, K. Estimation of ideal mechanical strength and critical porosity of calcium phosphate cement. Journal of Biomedical Material Research, 29, 1537-1543, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820291210. [9] Kraft, L. and Hermansson, L. (2003) Dimension stable binding agent system for dental application. US Patent No 6,620,232 B1: Doxa Aktiebolag Uppsala (SE). [10] Roemhildt, M.L., Wagner, S.D. and McGee, T.D. (2006) Characterization of novel calcium phosphate composite bone cement: Flow, setting, and aging properties. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 17, 1127-1132,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0539-2. [11] Engqvist, H., Persson, T., Loof, J., Faris,A. and Hermansson, L. (2008) Chemical stability of a novel injectable bioceramic for stabilization of vertebral compression fractures. Trends Biomaterials & Artificial Organs, 21(2), 98-106. [12] Loof, J. (2008) Calcium aluminate as biomaterial: Synthesis, design and evaluation. Ph.D. Thesis, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala. [13] Morejón-Alonso, L., Santos, L.A., García, R.G. (2009) Influence of mixing liquid on the properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement. Key Engineering Materials, 396-398, 241,http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.396-398.241. [14] MGee, T.D. and Roemhildt, M.L. (2004) US Patent No 6,723,334, Ames IA (US). [15] Bermudez, O., and Boltong, M.G., Driessens, F.C.M. and Planell, J.A. (1994) Development of some calcium phosphate cements from combinations of -TCP, MCPM and CaO. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 5, 160-163. [16] Morejón-Alonso, L. (2011) Avaliacao de cimentos ósseos de fosfatos de cálcio com adicoes de aluminato e silicato de cálcio. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. [17] Gaki, A., Chysafi, R. and Kakali, G. (2007) Wet chemical synthesis of monocalcium aluminate. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27, 1785-1789, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.05.006. [18] C-266-89 (1995) A. Standart test method for time of setting of hydraulic-cement paste by Gillmore needles. [19] Driessens, F.M.C., Planell, J.A. and Gil, X. (1995) Calcium phosphates bone cements, In: D. Wise, D. Trantolo, D. Altobelli, M. Yaszernski, J. Gresser, E. Schwartz Eds., Encyclopedic handbook of biomaterials and bioengineering Part B: Applications, New York, 855-871. [20] Kim, H.M., Miyazaki, T., Kokubo, T., and Nakamura, T. (2001) Revised simulated body fluid. Key Engineering Materials, 192-195, 47-50, http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.192-195.47. [21] Morejón-Alonso, L., Ferrari, M.B., Camassola, M., Garcia, R. and Santos, L.A. (2010) In vitro citotoxicity of a calcium phosphate-silicate composite bone cement. Proceedings of the 6o Congresso Latinoamericano de órgaos Artificiais e Biomateriais, 17-20 August 2010, Gramado, (RS), Brazil. [22] Ambard, A. and Mueninghoff, L. (2006) Calcium phosphate cement: Review of mechanical and biological properties. Journal of Prosthodontics, 15, 321-328, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-849X.2006.00129.x. [23] Kokubo, T. and Takadama, H. (2006) How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials, 27, 2907-2915,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017. [24] Gil, J., Padrós, A., Manero, J., Aparicio, M.C., Nilsson, M., and Planell, J.A. (2002) Growth of bioactive surfaces on titanium and its alloys for orthopedic and dental implants. Materials Science and Engineering, C22, 53–60, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4931(01)00389-7 [25] Gülgun, M., Popoola, O. and Kriven, W. (1994) Chemical synthesis and characterization of calcium aluminate powders. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 77(2), 831-39. [26] Rivas, J.M., De Aza, A.H. and Pena, P. (2005) Synthesis of CaAl2O4 from powders: Particle size effect. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 25, 3269–3279, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.06.021. [27] Ginebra, M.P. et al. (1997) Setting reaction and hardening of an apatitic calcium phosphate cement. Journal of Dental Research, 76(4), 905-912, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760041201. [28] Garcia, J.R., de Oliveira, I.R. and Pandolfelli, V.C. (2007) Processo de hidratacao e os mecanismos de atuacao dos aditivos aceleradores e retardadores de pega do cimento de aluminato de cálcio. Ceramica, 53, 42-56. [29] Greenspan, D.C. (1999) Bioactive ceramic implant materials. Current Opinion in Solid State & Material Science, 4, 389–393, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(99)00021-2. [30] Kim, H.M. (2003) Ceramic bioactivity and related biomimetic strategy, Current Opinion in Solid State & Material Science, 7, 289–299, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2003.09.014. [31] Oh, S.H., Finones, R., Jin, S., Choi, S.Y. and Kim, K.N. (2004) Influence of tricalcium aluminate phase on in vitro biocompatibility and bioactivity of calcium aluminate bone cement. Journal of Materials Research, 19(4), 1062-1067, http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2004.0139. [32] Oh, S., Choi, S.Y., Lee, Y., Kim, K., Choi, S.H. (2003) Effects of lithium fluoride and maleic acid on the bioactivity of calcium aluminate cement: Formation of hydroxyapatite in simulated body fluid. Journal of Biomedical Material Research, 67(A), 104-111. [33] Oliveira, I.R., Pandolfelli, V.C. and Jacobovitz, M. (2010) Chemical, physical and mechanical properties of a novel calcium aluminate endodontic cement. International En-dodontic Journal, 43(12), 1-8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01770.x. [34] Fukase, Y., Eanes, E.D., Takagi, S. and Chow, L.C. (1990) Setting reactions and compressive strengths of calcium phosphate cements. Journal of Dental Research, 69(12), 1852-1856, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690121201. [35] Lea, F.M. (1970) The chemistry of cement and concrete, Edward Arnold Ltd, London. [36] Santos, L.A., García, R., Rogero, S.O., Higa, O.Z., Boschi, A.O. and de Arruda, A.C.F. (2002) α-Tricalcium phosphate cement: in vitro cytotoxicity. Biomaterials 23, 2035-2042,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00333-7. [37] Ishikawa, K., Takagi, S., Chow, L.C., Ishikawa, Y., Eanes, E.D. and Asaoka, K. (1994) Behavior of a calcium phosphate cement in simulated blood plasma in vitro. Dental Materials, 10(1), 26-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(94)90018-3. [38] Guo, H., Wei, J. and Liu, C.S. (2006) Development of a degradable cement of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate composite for bone reconstruction. Biomedical Materials, 1, 193–197, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/1/4/003. [39] Banasik, A., and Lankoff, A. (2001) The effect of aluminium on the stability of intracellular membranes. Cellular Biology Molecular Letter, 6(2A), 384. [40] Julien, M. et al. (2007) Physico-chemical-mechanical and in vitro biological properties of calcium phosphate cements with doped amorphous calcium phosphates. Biomaterials, 28, 956-965, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.018