Electromagnetic nature of nuclear forces and the toroid structure of the helion and the alpha particle
Author(s)
Kiril Kolikov
ABSTRACT
In the present paper, we consider the nucleons in the helium-3 and helium-4 nuclei as tori. These tori rotate with constant angular velocity around an axis, which is perpendicular to the rotation plane and passes through the centre of mass of the nuclei. Based on exact analytical expressions for the electrostatic interaction between two spheres with arbitrary radii and charges derived by us recently, we find that the well-known potential binding energy for the helion and for the alpha particle is of electromagnetic character. Using the above mentioned formulae, we find the interaction force in the nuclei under consideration. Our toroid model recovers the basic experimental results not only for the binding energy, but also for the stability, radii, spins and the magnetic moments of the helion and the alpha particle.
In the present paper, we consider the nucleons in the helium-3 and helium-4 nuclei as tori. These tori rotate with constant angular velocity around an axis, which is perpendicular to the rotation plane and passes through the centre of mass of the nuclei. Based on exact analytical expressions for the electrostatic interaction between two spheres with arbitrary radii and charges derived by us recently, we find that the well-known potential binding energy for the helion and for the alpha particle is of electromagnetic character. Using the above mentioned formulae, we find the interaction force in the nuclei under consideration. Our toroid model recovers the basic experimental results not only for the binding energy, but also for the stability, radii, spins and the magnetic moments of the helion and the alpha particle.
KEYWORDS
Helion; Alpha Particle; Strong Interaction; Potential Binding Energy; Electrostatic Interaction
Helion; Alpha Particle; Strong Interaction; Potential Binding Energy; Electrostatic Interaction
Cite this paper
Kolikov, K. (2012) Electromagnetic nature of nuclear forces and the toroid structure of the helion and the alpha particle. Natural Science, 4, 484-491. doi: 10.4236/ns.2012.47065.
Kolikov, K. (2012) Electromagnetic nature of nuclear forces and the toroid structure of the helion and the alpha particle. Natural Science, 4, 484-491. doi: 10.4236/ns.2012.47065.
References
[1] Standard model. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model. [2] University of Tennessee. Standard model. http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys250/modules/module%206/standard_model.htm [3] Fehling, D. The standard model of particle physics: A lunchbox’s guide. http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~dfehling/ [4] Bergman, D. (2000) The real proton. Foundations of Science, 3, 4. [5] Toroidal ring model. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Toroidal_ring_model [6] Toroidal ring model. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_ring_model [7] Twain, M. (1995) The undiscovered physics. http://groupkos.com/mtwain/TheProton.pdf. [8] Kolikov, K., Ivanov, D. and Krustev, G. (2012) Electromagnetic nature of the nuclear forces and a toroid model of nucleons in atomic nuclei. Natural Science, 4, 47-56. doi:10.4236/ns.2012.41008 [9] Kolikov, K., Ivanov, D. and Krustev, G. (2012) Electromagnetic nature of the nuclear forces and toroid structure of the deuteron and triton. Natural Science, 4, 123-130. doi:10.4236/ns.2012.42018 [10] Kolikov, K., Ivanov, D., Krustev, G., Epitropov, Y. and Bozhkov, S. (2011) Electrostatic interaction between two conducting spheres. Journal of Electrostatics, 70, 91-96. doi:10.1016/j.elstat.2011.10.008. [11] Feynman, R. (1964) The Feynman lectures on physics: Exercises. Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Boston. [12] Gellert, W., K?stner, H. and Neuber, S. (1983) Mathematical encyclopedic dictionary, science and art, Sofia. 585 (in Bulgarian). [13] Sardin, G. (1999) Fundamentals of the orbital conception of elementary particles and of their application to the neutron and nuclear structure. Physics Essays, 12, 204220. doi:10.4006/1.3025378 [14] Sick, I. (2003) On the rms-radius of the proton. Physics Letters B, 576, 62-67. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.09.092 [15] Mohr, P., Taylor, B. and Newell, D. (2008) CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006. http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0028 [16] Krane, K. (1999) Introductory nuclear physics. WileyVCH, Weinheim. [17] Wang, L.B., Mueller, P., Bailey K., Drake G.W., Greene J.P., et al. (2004) Laser spectroscopic determination of 6He nuclear charge radius. Physical Review Letters, 93, 142501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.142501 [18] Ivanov, D. and Kolikov, K. (Unpublished) Short-range action and long-range action of the electrostatic forces within atomic nuclei.
[1] Standard model. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model. [2] University of Tennessee. Standard model. http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/phys250/modules/module%206/standard_model.htm [3] Fehling, D. The standard model of particle physics: A lunchbox’s guide. http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~dfehling/ [4] Bergman, D. (2000) The real proton. Foundations of Science, 3, 4. [5] Toroidal ring model. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Toroidal_ring_model [6] Toroidal ring model. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroidal_ring_model [7] Twain, M. (1995) The undiscovered physics. http://groupkos.com/mtwain/TheProton.pdf. [8] Kolikov, K., Ivanov, D. and Krustev, G. (2012) Electromagnetic nature of the nuclear forces and a toroid model of nucleons in atomic nuclei. Natural Science, 4, 47-56. doi:10.4236/ns.2012.41008 [9] Kolikov, K., Ivanov, D. and Krustev, G. (2012) Electromagnetic nature of the nuclear forces and toroid structure of the deuteron and triton. Natural Science, 4, 123-130. doi:10.4236/ns.2012.42018 [10] Kolikov, K., Ivanov, D., Krustev, G., Epitropov, Y. and Bozhkov, S. (2011) Electrostatic interaction between two conducting spheres. Journal of Electrostatics, 70, 91-96. doi:10.1016/j.elstat.2011.10.008. [11] Feynman, R. (1964) The Feynman lectures on physics: Exercises. Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Boston. [12] Gellert, W., K?stner, H. and Neuber, S. (1983) Mathematical encyclopedic dictionary, science and art, Sofia. 585 (in Bulgarian). [13] Sardin, G. (1999) Fundamentals of the orbital conception of elementary particles and of their application to the neutron and nuclear structure. Physics Essays, 12, 204220. doi:10.4006/1.3025378 [14] Sick, I. (2003) On the rms-radius of the proton. Physics Letters B, 576, 62-67. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.09.092 [15] Mohr, P., Taylor, B. and Newell, D. (2008) CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006. http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.0028 [16] Krane, K. (1999) Introductory nuclear physics. WileyVCH, Weinheim. [17] Wang, L.B., Mueller, P., Bailey K., Drake G.W., Greene J.P., et al. (2004) Laser spectroscopic determination of 6He nuclear charge radius. Physical Review Letters, 93, 142501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.142501 [18] Ivanov, D. and Kolikov, K. (Unpublished) Short-range action and long-range action of the electrostatic forces within atomic nuclei.