Novel Ultrasonic Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes
Affiliation(s)
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University. Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University.
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University. Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University. Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University.
ABSTRACT
A double ultrasonic source has been shown to dramatically increase dispersion efficiency of carbon nanotubes. Thermal measurements of dispersing fluid only show temperature rises commensurate with the power levels of the two ultrasonic sources; which is validated by predictions of statistical energy analysis (SEA) based on wave superposition principles. In this paper, nonlinear wave resonance concepts have been proposed to contain explanations for the dramatic increase in dispersion performance, and more specifically, the effect of intermittency chaos. Such a hypothesis was made because of the similarity between the pressure wave pattern in the double sonication system and sliding charge density wave with an A.C. electric field, which was cited to exhibit intermittency behavior.
A double ultrasonic source has been shown to dramatically increase dispersion efficiency of carbon nanotubes. Thermal measurements of dispersing fluid only show temperature rises commensurate with the power levels of the two ultrasonic sources; which is validated by predictions of statistical energy analysis (SEA) based on wave superposition principles. In this paper, nonlinear wave resonance concepts have been proposed to contain explanations for the dramatic increase in dispersion performance, and more specifically, the effect of intermittency chaos. Such a hypothesis was made because of the similarity between the pressure wave pattern in the double sonication system and sliding charge density wave with an A.C. electric field, which was cited to exhibit intermittency behavior.
KEYWORDS
Carbon Nanotubes, Ultrasonic Dispersion, Acoustics Energy, Statistical Energy Analysis, Intermittency, Chaos
Carbon Nanotubes, Ultrasonic Dispersion, Acoustics Energy, Statistical Energy Analysis, Intermittency, Chaos
Cite this paper
G. Caneba, C. Dutta, V. Agrawal and M. Rao, "Novel Ultrasonic Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, Vol. 9 No. 3, 2010, pp. 165-181. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2010.93015.
G. Caneba, C. Dutta, V. Agrawal and M. Rao, "Novel Ultrasonic Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, Vol. 9 No. 3, 2010, pp. 165-181. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2010.93015.
References
[1] Abramov, O., “High Intensity Ultrasonics: Theory and Industrial Applications”, Gordon and Breach, Canada, 1999, Chapter 2. [2] Bak, P., Bohr, T., Jensen, M.H., Physica Scripta, T9, 50-58 (1985). [3] G.T. Caneba and M.J. Crossey, "Chaos in Periodically Perturbed Reactors," Chemical Engineering Communications, 51, 1 (1987). [4] G.T. Caneba and B. Densch, A.I.Ch.E. Journal, 34, 333 (1988). [5] M.J. Crossey and G.T. Caneba, "Chaos in Periodically Perturbed Nonisothermal and Biochemical CSTRs", Proceedings of the A.I.Ch.E. Annual Meeting, Miami, FL, November 1-6, 1992. [6] Dai et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 3838 (2001). [7] Eckmann, J.-P., Thomas, L., and Wittwer, P., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 14, 3151-3168 (1981). [8] Fahy, F. Statistical energy analysis: A guide to potential users. s.l. : SEANET Consortium, 2002. [9] Hauke, H., Ecke, R.E., Maeno, Y., and Wheatlet, J.C., Phys. Rev. Letters.,53(22), 2090-2093 (1984). [10] Hess, B. and Markus, M., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 89, 642-651 (1985). [11] Islam, M.F., Rojas, E., Bergey, D.M., Johnson, A.T., and Yodh, A.G., Nano Letters, 3(2), 269-273 (2003). [12] Lyon, R. H., Maidanik, G., The Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 34, 623-629 (1962). [13] Mori, H., Shobu, K., So., B.C., and Okamoto, H., Physica Scripta, T9, 27-34 (1985). [14] Suslick, K.S. and Price, G.J., Annual Rev. Mater. Sci., 29, 295-326 (1999). [15] Uppal, A., Ray, W.H., and Poore, A.B., Chem. Eng. Sci., 29, 967 (1974).
[1] Abramov, O., “High Intensity Ultrasonics: Theory and Industrial Applications”, Gordon and Breach, Canada, 1999, Chapter 2. [2] Bak, P., Bohr, T., Jensen, M.H., Physica Scripta, T9, 50-58 (1985). [3] G.T. Caneba and M.J. Crossey, "Chaos in Periodically Perturbed Reactors," Chemical Engineering Communications, 51, 1 (1987). [4] G.T. Caneba and B. Densch, A.I.Ch.E. Journal, 34, 333 (1988). [5] M.J. Crossey and G.T. Caneba, "Chaos in Periodically Perturbed Nonisothermal and Biochemical CSTRs", Proceedings of the A.I.Ch.E. Annual Meeting, Miami, FL, November 1-6, 1992. [6] Dai et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 3838 (2001). [7] Eckmann, J.-P., Thomas, L., and Wittwer, P., J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 14, 3151-3168 (1981). [8] Fahy, F. Statistical energy analysis: A guide to potential users. s.l. : SEANET Consortium, 2002. [9] Hauke, H., Ecke, R.E., Maeno, Y., and Wheatlet, J.C., Phys. Rev. Letters.,53(22), 2090-2093 (1984). [10] Hess, B. and Markus, M., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 89, 642-651 (1985). [11] Islam, M.F., Rojas, E., Bergey, D.M., Johnson, A.T., and Yodh, A.G., Nano Letters, 3(2), 269-273 (2003). [12] Lyon, R. H., Maidanik, G., The Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 34, 623-629 (1962). [13] Mori, H., Shobu, K., So., B.C., and Okamoto, H., Physica Scripta, T9, 27-34 (1985). [14] Suslick, K.S. and Price, G.J., Annual Rev. Mater. Sci., 29, 295-326 (1999). [15] Uppal, A., Ray, W.H., and Poore, A.B., Chem. Eng. Sci., 29, 967 (1974).