Characterization of Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) By X-Ray Diffraction Technique
Affiliation(s)
Department Of Materials Science And Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Department Of Materials Science And Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on the characterization of cold briquetted iron (CBI) using powder diffraction techniques. CBI is under-sized metallic fines produced during the direct reduction process (DR-process), which are made into briquettes when they are cold using sodium silicate and lime as binder and flux respectively. Powder sample of CBI was prepared by crushing and grinding some of the briquettes and sieved through 30-microns aperture. Thereafter, the constituent phases in the sample were identified using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that CBI includes among others, 67% metallic iron, 23% cementite, 5% silica and 5% wustite. It was also noted that the concentrations of the constituent phases were not uniformly distributed. The spherical quartz particles were found to be concentrated along the crack lines, which were suspected to be initiator of these cracks and crevices that characterize CBI.
This study focuses on the characterization of cold briquetted iron (CBI) using powder diffraction techniques. CBI is under-sized metallic fines produced during the direct reduction process (DR-process), which are made into briquettes when they are cold using sodium silicate and lime as binder and flux respectively. Powder sample of CBI was prepared by crushing and grinding some of the briquettes and sieved through 30-microns aperture. Thereafter, the constituent phases in the sample were identified using X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) techniques and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that CBI includes among others, 67% metallic iron, 23% cementite, 5% silica and 5% wustite. It was also noted that the concentrations of the constituent phases were not uniformly distributed. The spherical quartz particles were found to be concentrated along the crack lines, which were suspected to be initiator of these cracks and crevices that characterize CBI.
Cite this paper
S. Ibitoye and A. Afonja, "Characterization of Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) By X-Ray Diffraction Technique," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2008, pp. 39-48. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2008.71003.
S. Ibitoye and A. Afonja, "Characterization of Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) By X-Ray Diffraction Technique," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2008, pp. 39-48. doi: 10.4236/jmmce.2008.71003.
References
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[1] Delta Steel Company Handbook, 1978, Technical Know-How Documentation, Warri, Voest-Alpine AG, Training Planning Department, Orientation Course 2, pp 82 115. [2] Delta Steel Company, 1984, Reinforcing Nigeria with Steel, DSC, Warri, p15. [3] Ibitoye, S. A., 2001, PhD Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. [4] Wolfel, E. R., 1983, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 16, pp 341-348. [5] Rietveld, H. M., 1969, J. Appl. Crytst. V2, pp 65 – 71. [6] Powder Diffraction File Card Nos. 6-696, 35-772, 33-1161, ICDD, Swarthmore, PA. [7] Averbach, K. P. and Cohen, C. M., 1948, X – Ray Diffraction Analyses, 3rd ed.. Addison-Wesley, London, p 258. [8] Cullity, B. D., 1978, Element of X – Ray Diffraction, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, London, p407 – 417. [9] Vlack, V., 1980, Element of Materials Science and Engineering, 4th ed., Addison-Wesley,Amsterdam, pp 1 - 148. [10] Higgins, A. H., 1991, Engineering Metallurgy – Part 1: Applied Physical Metallurgy, Kent, Hodder & Stoughton, pp 246 – 254. [11] Biswas, A. K., 1981, Principles of Blast Furnace Ironmaking, Australia, Cootha, pp 18 – 87. [12] Omofoma, M. A. and Atanmo, P. N., 1986, Direct Reduction Process: Delta Steel Company,Nigeria Experience, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of Nigerian Metallurgical Society, Ajaokuta, p 58. [13] Gulyaev, A., 1980, Physical Metallurgy - Volume 1, Moscow, Mir, pp155-174, 198-246. [14] Linchevsky, V., Sobolevsky, A. and Kalmenev, A., 1980, Iron and Steel Making, Moscow, Mir, pp 58-60. [15] Titov, N.D., and Stepanov, Yu. A., 1981, Foundry Practice, Moscow, Mir, pp 284-286. [16] Cho, S., Joo, S., Cho, J., Yu, Y., Ahu, J., Han, C. and Kim, H., 2006, Kinetic Analysis of Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate using Danyang Limestone, Materials Science Forum, Vol 510 – 511, pp 502 – 505.