Effects of drip irrigation circuit design and lateral line lengths: I—On pressure and friction loss
Affiliation(s)
WRFI Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA. WRFI Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt;.
WRFI Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA. WRFI Department, National Research Center (NRC), Giza, Egypt;.
ABSTRACT
Laboratory tests were conducted at the Irrigation Devices and Equipment’s Test Laboratory, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The experimental design of laboratory experiments was split in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Laboratory tests carried out on three irrigation lateral lines of 40, 60, 80 m under the following three drip irrigation circuit (DIC) designs; 1) one manifold for lateral lines or closed circuits with one manifold of drip irrigation system (CM1DIS); 2) closed circuits with two manifolds for lateral lines (CM2DIS), and 3) traditional drip irrigation system (TDIS) as a control. The aims of the work were to study the effect of drip irrigation circuits (DIC) and lateral lines lengths (LLL; where): (LLL1 = 40 m, LLL2 = 60 m, and LLL3 = 80 m) on pressure head (PH) and friction loss (FL). Regarding to LLL and according to PH values, DIC designs could be ranked in the following ascending order: TDIS < CM1DIS < CM2DIS. The differences in PH among DIC designs were significant at the 1% level. The depressive effects of LLL on PH could be ranked in the following ascending order: LLL1 < LLL2 ≤ LLL3. Differences in PH among LLL treatments were significant at the 1% level except that between LLL2 and LLL3. The effects of interactions among: DIC × LLL on PH were significant at the 1% level with some exceptions. The highest value of PH (9.5 m) and the lowest one (6.05 m) were achieved in the interactions of CM2DIS × LLL1 and TDIS × LLL3, respectively. The shapes of the energy gradient lines were affected by DIC and LLL treatments used through their effect on ?H/H ratio. However, they followed similar trends. According to the FL values, DIC and LLL treatments could be ranked in the following descending orders TDIS > CM1DIS > CM2DIS and LLL1 > LLL2 > LLL3. The differences in FL among DIC and LLL were significant and the effects of interactions among DIC × LLL on FL were significant at the 1% level. The maximum and minimum values of FL were obtained in the interactions: TDIS × LLL3 and CM2DIS × LLL1, respectively. Therefore, the CM2DIS system is recommended for use where technically feasible.
Laboratory tests were conducted at the Irrigation Devices and Equipment’s Test Laboratory, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The experimental design of laboratory experiments was split in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Laboratory tests carried out on three irrigation lateral lines of 40, 60, 80 m under the following three drip irrigation circuit (DIC) designs; 1) one manifold for lateral lines or closed circuits with one manifold of drip irrigation system (CM1DIS); 2) closed circuits with two manifolds for lateral lines (CM2DIS), and 3) traditional drip irrigation system (TDIS) as a control. The aims of the work were to study the effect of drip irrigation circuits (DIC) and lateral lines lengths (LLL; where): (LLL1 = 40 m, LLL2 = 60 m, and LLL3 = 80 m) on pressure head (PH) and friction loss (FL). Regarding to LLL and according to PH values, DIC designs could be ranked in the following ascending order: TDIS < CM1DIS < CM2DIS. The differences in PH among DIC designs were significant at the 1% level. The depressive effects of LLL on PH could be ranked in the following ascending order: LLL1 < LLL2 ≤ LLL3. Differences in PH among LLL treatments were significant at the 1% level except that between LLL2 and LLL3. The effects of interactions among: DIC × LLL on PH were significant at the 1% level with some exceptions. The highest value of PH (9.5 m) and the lowest one (6.05 m) were achieved in the interactions of CM2DIS × LLL1 and TDIS × LLL3, respectively. The shapes of the energy gradient lines were affected by DIC and LLL treatments used through their effect on ?H/H ratio. However, they followed similar trends. According to the FL values, DIC and LLL treatments could be ranked in the following descending orders TDIS > CM1DIS > CM2DIS and LLL1 > LLL2 > LLL3. The differences in FL among DIC and LLL were significant and the effects of interactions among DIC × LLL on FL were significant at the 1% level. The maximum and minimum values of FL were obtained in the interactions: TDIS × LLL3 and CM2DIS × LLL1, respectively. Therefore, the CM2DIS system is recommended for use where technically feasible.
Cite this paper
Tayel, M. , Lightfoot, D. and Mansour, H. (2012) Effects of drip irrigation circuit design and lateral line lengths: I—On pressure and friction loss. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 392-399. doi: 10.4236/as.2012.33046.
Tayel, M. , Lightfoot, D. and Mansour, H. (2012) Effects of drip irrigation circuit design and lateral line lengths: I—On pressure and friction loss. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 392-399. doi: 10.4236/as.2012.33046.
References
[1] Kirnak, H., Dogan, E., Demir, S. and Yalcin, S. (2004) Determination of hydraulic performance of trickle irrigation emitters used in irrigation system in the Harran Plain. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28, 223-230. [2] Hathoot, H.M., Al-Amoud, A.I. and Mohammed, F.S. (1993) Analysis and design of trickle irrigation laterals. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119, 756-767. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1993)119:5(756) [3] Yildirim, G. and Agiralioglu, N. (2008) Determining operating inlet pressure head incorporating uniformity parameters for multi outlet plastic pipelines. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 134, 341-348. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:3(341) [4] Deba, P.D. (2008) Characterization of drip emitters and computing distribution uniformity in a drip irrigation system at low pressure under uniform land slopes. M.Sc. Thesis, Texas A&M University. [5] Bralts, V.F., Edwards, D.M. and Wu, I.-P. (1987) Drip irrigation design and evaluation based on the statistical uniformity concept. Advances in Agronomy, 4, 67-117. [6] Gerrish, P.J., Shayya, W.H. and Bralts, V.F. (1996) An improved analysis of incorporating pipe components into the analysis of hydraulics networks. Transactions of the ASAE, 39, 1337-1343. [7] Von Bernuth, R.D. (1990) Simple and accurate friction loss equation for plastic pipes. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 116, 294-298. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1990)116:2(294) [8] Hathoot, H.M., Al-Amoud, A.I. and Mohammed, F.S. (1991) Analysis of a pipe with uniform lateral flow. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 30, C49-C54. [9] Smajstrla, A.G. and Clark, G.A. (1992) Hydraulic performance of microirrigation drip tape emitters. ASAE Paper No. 92-2057. http://www.toromicroirrigation.com [10] Wood, D.J. and Rayes, A.G. (1981) Reliability of algorithms for pipe network analysis. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 107, 1145-1161. [11] Narayanan, R., Steele, D.D. and Scherer, T.F. (2000) Computer model to optimize above-ground drip irrigation systems for small areas. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 18, 459-469. [12] Safi, B., Ney-shabouri, M.R., Nazemi, A.H., Masiha, S. and Mirlatifi, S.M. (2007) Subsurface irrigation capability and effective parameters on onion yield and water use efficiency. Journal of Scientific Agricultural, 1, 41-53. [13] Netafim Irrigation, Inc. (2002) Bioline design guild. http://www.netafim.com [14] Mogazhi, H.E.M. (1998) Estimating Hazen-Williams co- efficient for polyethylene pipes. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 124, 197-199. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:2(197) [15] Bombardelli, F.A. and Garcia, M.H. (2003) Hydraulic de-sign of largediameter pipes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 129, 839-846. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:11(839) [16] Hathoot, H.M., Al-Amoud, A.I. and Mohammed, F.S. (1994) The accuracy and validity of Hazen-Williams and scobey pipe friction formulas.” Alexandria Engineering Journal, 33, C97-C106. [17] Steel, R.G.D and Torrie, J.H. (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Inter Book Co, Tokyo. [18] Bazaraa, A.S. (1982) Pressurized irrigation systems sprinkler and trickle irrigation. Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo. [19] Wu, I.P. (1992) Energy gradient line approach for direct hydraulic calculation in drip irrigation design. Irrigation Science, 13, 21-29. doi:10.1007/BF00190241
[1] Kirnak, H., Dogan, E., Demir, S. and Yalcin, S. (2004) Determination of hydraulic performance of trickle irrigation emitters used in irrigation system in the Harran Plain. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 28, 223-230. [2] Hathoot, H.M., Al-Amoud, A.I. and Mohammed, F.S. (1993) Analysis and design of trickle irrigation laterals. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 119, 756-767. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1993)119:5(756) [3] Yildirim, G. and Agiralioglu, N. (2008) Determining operating inlet pressure head incorporating uniformity parameters for multi outlet plastic pipelines. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 134, 341-348. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:3(341) [4] Deba, P.D. (2008) Characterization of drip emitters and computing distribution uniformity in a drip irrigation system at low pressure under uniform land slopes. M.Sc. Thesis, Texas A&M University. [5] Bralts, V.F., Edwards, D.M. and Wu, I.-P. (1987) Drip irrigation design and evaluation based on the statistical uniformity concept. Advances in Agronomy, 4, 67-117. [6] Gerrish, P.J., Shayya, W.H. and Bralts, V.F. (1996) An improved analysis of incorporating pipe components into the analysis of hydraulics networks. Transactions of the ASAE, 39, 1337-1343. [7] Von Bernuth, R.D. (1990) Simple and accurate friction loss equation for plastic pipes. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 116, 294-298. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1990)116:2(294) [8] Hathoot, H.M., Al-Amoud, A.I. and Mohammed, F.S. (1991) Analysis of a pipe with uniform lateral flow. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 30, C49-C54. [9] Smajstrla, A.G. and Clark, G.A. (1992) Hydraulic performance of microirrigation drip tape emitters. ASAE Paper No. 92-2057. http://www.toromicroirrigation.com [10] Wood, D.J. and Rayes, A.G. (1981) Reliability of algorithms for pipe network analysis. Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 107, 1145-1161. [11] Narayanan, R., Steele, D.D. and Scherer, T.F. (2000) Computer model to optimize above-ground drip irrigation systems for small areas. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 18, 459-469. [12] Safi, B., Ney-shabouri, M.R., Nazemi, A.H., Masiha, S. and Mirlatifi, S.M. (2007) Subsurface irrigation capability and effective parameters on onion yield and water use efficiency. Journal of Scientific Agricultural, 1, 41-53. [13] Netafim Irrigation, Inc. (2002) Bioline design guild. http://www.netafim.com [14] Mogazhi, H.E.M. (1998) Estimating Hazen-Williams co- efficient for polyethylene pipes. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 124, 197-199. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1998)124:2(197) [15] Bombardelli, F.A. and Garcia, M.H. (2003) Hydraulic de-sign of largediameter pipes. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 129, 839-846. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:11(839) [16] Hathoot, H.M., Al-Amoud, A.I. and Mohammed, F.S. (1994) The accuracy and validity of Hazen-Williams and scobey pipe friction formulas.” Alexandria Engineering Journal, 33, C97-C106. [17] Steel, R.G.D and Torrie, J.H. (1980) Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Inter Book Co, Tokyo. [18] Bazaraa, A.S. (1982) Pressurized irrigation systems sprinkler and trickle irrigation. Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo. [19] Wu, I.P. (1992) Energy gradient line approach for direct hydraulic calculation in drip irrigation design. Irrigation Science, 13, 21-29. doi:10.1007/BF00190241