Does Adherence Moderate the Effect of Physical or Mental Training on Episodic Memory in Older Women?
Affiliation(s)
Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universit?tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Department of Psychology, Freie Universit?t Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universit?tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Department of Psychology, Freie Universit?t Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim was to investigate the overall amount of time spent on physical or mental activity training units (i.e., adherence) as a predictor of episodic memory performance in older healthy women. Methods: Women (N = 171, aged 70 - 93 years) took part in a 6-month randomized controlled trial (physical activity or computer training, 3 times weekly). Pre- and post-intervention episodic memory and adherence were assessed. Adherence covers the objectively measured frequency of training participation including travel time to and from course sites. Results: Within the physical exercise group, adherence (β = .19, p = .03) had positive effects on cognitive performance. In the computer group, an interaction between adherence and pre-intervention episodic memory (β = -.17, p = .056) indicated improvement for low-ability women. Conclusions: Adhering to a stimulating mental or physical activity intervention is a prerequisite for healthy older women to maintain or slightly improve their episodic memory performance. Travel activity should be taken into account to cover an overall stimulation. Adherence to mental activity training indicates a moderating effect of mental activity training on episodic memory. Predominantly low-ability women improve their episodic memory performance. In contrast, adherence to physical activity training is positively associated with cognitive performance, regardless of pre-intervention episodic memory performance.
Objective: The aim was to investigate the overall amount of time spent on physical or mental activity training units (i.e., adherence) as a predictor of episodic memory performance in older healthy women. Methods: Women (N = 171, aged 70 - 93 years) took part in a 6-month randomized controlled trial (physical activity or computer training, 3 times weekly). Pre- and post-intervention episodic memory and adherence were assessed. Adherence covers the objectively measured frequency of training participation including travel time to and from course sites. Results: Within the physical exercise group, adherence (β = .19, p = .03) had positive effects on cognitive performance. In the computer group, an interaction between adherence and pre-intervention episodic memory (β = -.17, p = .056) indicated improvement for low-ability women. Conclusions: Adhering to a stimulating mental or physical activity intervention is a prerequisite for healthy older women to maintain or slightly improve their episodic memory performance. Travel activity should be taken into account to cover an overall stimulation. Adherence to mental activity training indicates a moderating effect of mental activity training on episodic memory. Predominantly low-ability women improve their episodic memory performance. In contrast, adherence to physical activity training is positively associated with cognitive performance, regardless of pre-intervention episodic memory performance.
Cite this paper
Evers, A. , Klusmann, V. , Schwarzer, R. & Heuser, I. (2012). Does Adherence Moderate the Effect of Physical or Mental Training on Episodic Memory in Older Women?. Advances in Physical Education, 2, 68-72. doi: 10.4236/ape.2012.22012.
Evers, A. , Klusmann, V. , Schwarzer, R. & Heuser, I. (2012). Does Adherence Moderate the Effect of Physical or Mental Training on Episodic Memory in Older Women?. Advances in Physical Education, 2, 68-72. doi: 10.4236/ape.2012.22012.
References
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[1] Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471-507. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.471 [2] Brawley, L. R., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2000). Studying adherence to therapeutic regimens: Overview, theories, recommendations. Controlled Clinical Trials, 21, 156S-163. doi:10.1016/S0197-2456(00)00073-8 [3] Buschke, H. (1984). Cued recall in amnesia. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 433-440. doi:10.1080/01688638408401233 [4] Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14, 125-130. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430 [5] DiMatteo, M. R., Giordani, P. J., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2002). Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: A meta-analysis. Medical Care, 40, 794-811. doi:10.1097/01.MLR.0000024612.61915.2D [6] Evers, A., Klusmann, V., Schwarzer, R., & Heuser, I. (2011a). Adherence to physical and mental activity interventions: Coping plans as a mediator and prior adherence as a moderator. British Journal of Health Psychology. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02049.x [7] Evers, A., Klusmann, V., Schwarzer, R., & Heuser, I. (2011b). Improving cognition by adherence to physical or mental exercise: A moderated mediation analysis. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 446-455. doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.543657 [8] Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 [9] Glazebrook, K. E., & Brawley, L. R. (2011). Thinking about maintaining exercise therapy: Does being positive or negative make a difference? Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 905-916. doi:10.1177/1359105310396391 [10] Hamer, M., & Chida, Y. (2008). Active commuting and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analytic review. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 46, 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.03.006 [11] Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 924-936. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.3.924 [12] Heyn, P., Abreu, B. C., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2004). The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: A meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85, 1694-1704. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019 [13] Hogan, M. (2005). Physical and cognitive activity and exercise for older adults: A review. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 60, 95-126. doi:10.2190/PTG9-XDVM-YETA-MKXA [14] Klusmann, V., Evers, A., Schwarzer, R., Schlattmann, P., Reischies, F. M., Heuser, I., & Dimeo, F. C. (2010). Complex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: A 6-month randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Bio- logical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 65, 680-688. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq053 [15] Langbaum, J. B. S., Rebok, G. W., Bandeen-Roche, K., & Carlson, M. C. (2009). Predicting memory training response patterns: Results from ACTIVE. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64B, 14-23. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbn026 [16] Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., Hofer, S. M., Korten, A. E., & Jorm, A. E. (2003). Use it and still lose it? The association between activity and cognitive performance established using latent growth techniques in a community sample. Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition, 10, 215-229. doi:10.1076/anec.10.3.215.16451 [17] Newson, R. S., & Kemps, E. B. (2006). The influence of physical and cognitive activities on simple and complex cognitive tasks in older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 32, 341-362. doi:10.1080/03610730600699134 [18] Shields, C. A., Brawley, L. R., & Lindover, T. I. (2005). Where perception and reality differ: Dropping out is not the same as failure. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 481-491. doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9012-9 [19] Singer, T., Verhaeghen, P., Ghisletta, P., Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). The fate of cognition in very old age: Six-year longitudinal findings in the Berlin Aging Study (BASE). Psychology and Aging, 18, 318-331. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.318 [20] Vitolins, M. Z., Rand, C. S., Rapp, S. R., Ribisl, P. M., & Sevick, M. A. (2000). Measuring adherence to behavioral and medical interventions. Controlled Clinical Trials, 21, 188S-194. doi:10.1016/S0197-2456(00)00077-5 [21] Wener, R. E., & Evans, G. W. (2007). A morning stroll: Levels of physical activity in car and mass transit commuting. Environment and Behavior, 39, 62-74. doi:10.1177/0013916506295571